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Thursday 17 December 2015

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STUDIES ON CERTAIN ASPECTS OF ROOT SURFACE FUNGI. I

The present study deals with the succession of fungi on the root regions of living Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.) Stapf. et Hubb. from  July to November of 1970 and 1971. A clear succession of fungi from nonrhizosphere - rhizosphere - cortical portion of rhizoplane - steler portion of rhizosplane has been observed. The fungal population and number of species in the crown, middle and distal regions of roots in above mentioned four regions also exhibited a definite pattern. The presence and amount of amino acids and sugars in root exudates (July to October) and root extracts (July to November) have been studied. The amount of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components, the pH and moisture content of nonrhizosphere soils from corresponding vertical zones have been determined and the effect of root exudates of different age on 15 rhizosphere fungi has been studied. (See PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cite this as- Kanaujia R.S. (1981): Studies on certain aspects of root surface fungi. I. Fungi on living roots of Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.) Stapf et Hubb. ACTA MYCOLOGICA. XVII (1-2): 5-25. 

Friday 23 October 2015

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Studies on certain aspects of root surface fungi II. Succession of fungi on decomposing Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf et Hubb.

Sixty seven fungal species from the nonrhizosphere (NR), rhizosphere (RS) and cortical (RPC)and steler (RPS) parts of rhizosphere of crown (RC), middle (RM) and distal (RD) regions of decomposing roots of Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.)Stapf. et Hubb. were isolated during December to June, 1970-72. The number of fungal species gradually decrease from NR-RPS in horizontal and RC-RD in vertical regions. The fungal population was always higher in RS of different depths than in corresponding NR region. The amino acids and sugar component of the roots showed a direct correlation with the fungal population. The amount of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components of roots gradually decreased from December to June. Root-washing collected from RC, Rm and RD regions exhibited the presence of vanillic acid and 3-4 dihydroxy benzoic acid during March and April. It also exerted an adverse effect on the 10 rhizosphere fungi during this period. pH and moisture contents showed a poor correlation with the fungal population except during summer months. Phycomycetes with species of Deuteromycetes obtained in the first phase was followed by Deuteromycetes along with few Ascomycetes in the second phase.In the last Deuteromycetes with some sterile mycelia were isolated. Aspergilli were the most numerous throughout the investigation.  (Full paper at Slideshare.net)

Cited this as: Kanaujia R.S. (1981):  Studies on certain aspects of root surface fungi II. Succession of fungi on decomposing Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf et Hubb. ACTA MYCOLOGICA. 17 (1&2): 27-40.
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Studies on certain aspects of root surface fungi. III. Effect of Harvesting

The effect of harvesting of above ground part on the succession of fungi on crown, middle and distal regions of decomposing roots of Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.) Stapf et Hubb. was investigated for a period of six months (January to June 1971). The number of fungal species was generally lower in harvested plants than in standing plants whereas the fungal population exhibited reverse trend. The amino acids, sugars, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components of the root in different vertical regions were assessed and a correlation was established between the above factors and fungal succession in the two sets of plants. It was also noticed that roots in all the depths decomposed earlier than the set where aerial parts left intact and no phytotoxin were detected in the harvested set against standing one where vanilic acid and 3-4 dihydroxybenzoic acids were chromatogrammed during March to April. The pH and moisture content exhibited with the fungal succession. Deuteromycetes along with few Phycomycetes in the beginning, Deuteromycetes with few Ascomycetes in the second phase and Deuteromycetes along with Mycelia sterilia in the third phase were isolated. (Full paper at Slideshare.net)

Cited this as- Kanaujia R.S. (1982): Studies on certain aspects of root surface fungi. III. Effect of Harvesting. ACTA MYCOLOGICA. XVIII (1): 45-60.
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Survey of Fungi from Archaeological Digs at Faizabad

A study of the fungi from the soil of  8.5 m deep archaeological digs- differentiated into 18 strata- at Katra in Ayodhya of Faizabad district (U.P.) has been made. A total of 23 different fungal species were isolated from 18 different strata of the digs. The upper stratum (0.0-0.23 m) was found to harbour a greater number of fungi, which decrease in quality and quantity towards the lower profiles up to 4.5-5.35 m and finally to nil. The greater no of fungi in upper strata may actually be attributed to organic matter content governing their distribution, and the decrease in fungi below this layer may account for the decrease in organic matter content. The members of phycomycetes and ascomycetes were confined to the upper few strata which corresponded to the availability of nutrients while deuteromycetes were diversified in their distribution which exhibits their nutritional adaptability, capacity to withstand even nutritionally deficient substrate and tolerance to desiccation.. (Full paper at Slideshare.net)


Cite this as- Kanaujia R.S. and Singh C.S. (1977): Survey of Fungi from Archaeological Digs at Faizabad. FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY. 14(1&2): 146-148.
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Parasitic Fungi of Faizabad, Alternaria

Thirty four species of Alternaria have been recorded on different plants at Faizabad. Several plants were parasited by the same species, on the other hand more than one species have been observed on the same host. Amongst total species, Alternaria tenuis was harboured by 46 plants, A. tenuissima, A. brassicae, A. cucumerina and A. solani had their lesser number whereas 23 species were restricted to only one host separately. (Full paper at Slideshare.net)


Cite this as- Singh C.S., Kanaujia R.S. and Chaudhary R.L(1975):Parasitic Fungi of Faizabad, Alternaria. The Botanique. VI(4):191-194. 



Sunday 18 October 2015

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Annonated list of Fungi of Faizabad. V.

Twenty five fungal species were isolated from 27 different hosts including two new fungi, Botryodiplodia pandani (Lev.) Petrak and Syd. and Cytospora thithymalina Pass. and Belter, earlier unknown from India. There are 25 new host records for the country. The specimen have deposited in the CMI, England. (Full paper at slideshare.net

Cited this as- Kanaujia R.S. and Kishore R. (1981): Annonated list of Fungi of Faizabad. V. Indian Journal of  Mycology and Plant Pathology. 11(2): 292-293.
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Annonated list of fungi from Faizabad (U.P.), India. I

Thirty fungi were isolated from different substrates/host. Of 75 different substrates, 18 were new host records and 47 were found to be new substrate fungal association earlier not reported from India. Out of 30 fungi,03 fungi, viz., Alternaria cheiranthi, Duportella tristicula and Phomopsis cassiae were found to be new to India. The specimens have been deposited at Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England and a part of collection has been deposited in the Herbarium of Department of Botany, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad. (PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cite this as- Kanaujia R.S. and R. Kishore (1978): Annonated list of fungi from Faizabad (U.P.), India. I. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 8(2): 188-194.
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Addition to the Fungi of India, Part 8- Occurrence of Diplodia euphorbiae Braunaud in Faizabad

Diplodia euphorbiae Braunaud has been reported on the dead stems of Euphorbia teraculii for the first time in India from Faizabad. The specimen has been deposited in the Herbarium of the Commonwealth Mycologiacal Institute, England, as Herb.No. IMI 210642. A part of the collection has also been maintained in the Mycological Herbarium, Botany Department, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad, as Herb. No. RSK-326-S.

Cite this as- Addition to the Fungi of India, Part 8- Occurrence of Diplodia euphorbiae Braunaud in Faizabad. FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY. 15(1):61. 
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Addition to the Fungi of India Part 7- Occurrence of Haplosporella beaumontiana and Haplosporella ipomoeae in Faizabad

Two species of Haplosporella, viz., Haplosporella beaumontiana Ahmed and Haplosporella ipomoeae Ahmed, found to occur on the dead stem of Pithecolobium dulce Benth. and Ipomoea fistulosa L. respectively are reported for the first time in India. The specimen have been deposited in the Herb. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, England as Herb. no. IMI 209354 and IMI 209350 respectively. A part of collection has also been deposited in the Mycological Herbarium, Botany Department, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad as Herb. no. RSK-195-S and RSK-191-S respectively. (PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cited this as- Kanaujia R.S. (1978):Addition to the Fungi of India Part 7- Occurrence of Haplosporella beaumontiana and Haplosporella ipomoeae in Faizabad. FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY. 15(1):60.  
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Studies on phyllosphere fungi. I. Effect of foliar application of plant extracts

The effect of different concentrations of leaf extracts of Calotropis procera and Datura metal on phyllosphere mycoflora of Pennisetum typhoides has been investigated. The preparation of 4,8 and 16% leaf extracts of aforesaid plants and their spraying on the foliage of P. typhoides was performed as described by Mishra and Kanaujia (1972). The spore germination of certain phyllosphere fungi, viz., Aspergillus flavipes Bainier & Sortory, A. fumigatus Fres., Cladosporim herbarum (Pers.) Link., Curvularia lunata (Walker) Boedijn, Fusarium  sp., Mucor hiemalis Wehmer, Myrothecium roridum Tode, Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma viride Corda was tested separately in the different concentrations (4, 8, 16, 20 and 50%)of the same plant extracts in the cavity slides by hanging drop method. The extract above 4% concentration in both cases proved inhibitory for certain phyllosphere fungi. The inhibitory property of leaf extracts, however, differed with regard to certain fungal species. The leaf extract of D. metal proved to be more effective than that of C. procera. The spore germination of certain fungal species was considerably lowered in the extract of the both plant species.(PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cite this as- Kanaujia R.S. and Mishra R.R. (1978): Studies on phyllosphere fungi. I. Effect of foliar application of plant extracts. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 7(2):13-19. 

Saturday 17 October 2015

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Distribution of Fungi, Bacteria and Actinomycetes in relation to cropping pattern

Eight soil samples from closely situated cultivated field with varying cropping patterns have been assayed for fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. The microbial population in different plots differed to a considerable extent. Plot with thick coverage and short term cropping pattern gave high fungal counts. The availability of substrates for microbial growth seems to be an important factor in governing the soil microbial population. A marginal difference in moisture content and pH plays a negligible role in the determination of soil microflora. (PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cite this as- Kanaujia R.S. and Singh C.S. (1978): Distribution of Fungi, Bacteria and Actinomycetes in relation to cropping pattern. Environment India. I(II): 25-29.
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Succession of fungi on drying floral buds of Papaver rheos

A successional pattern of fungi associated with decomposing unbloomed floral buds of Papaver rheos has been studied. Mucor heimalis which appeared first was followed by aspergilli and Penicillium nigricans. Chaetomium herbarum appearing late persisted till the last day of observation. (PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cite this as- Kanaujia R.S. and C.S. Singh (1975):Succession of fungi on drying floral buds of Papaver rheos. TECHNOLOGY. 12(2): 167-168.
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A new fungal disease of Desmodium gangeticum in India

The leaves of Desmodium gangeticum DC. were found infected by Parodiella hedysari (Schw.) Hughes. The plants were collected from Mani Parvat area of Ayodhya (Faizabad). The specimen has been deposited in the Herbarium, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, England (IMI 210656). and in the Mycological herbarium, Botany Department, K>S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad as RSK-340.(PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cite this as- Kanaujia, R.S. (1978): A new fungal disease of Desmodium gangeticum in India. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 8(2): 197.
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A new host record of Periconia byssoides Pers. Ex Merat from India

During a systematic survey of parasitic fungi at Faizabad, a new leaf and stem spots of Cucurbita maxima Duscn. caused by Periconia byssoides Pers. ex Merat was observed. The infection starts in August to September. The fungus has been recorded on various living leaves and different living and nonliving substrates. So far, this fungus has not been recorded on Cucurbita maxima and hence C. maxima is being described as a new host record of Periconia byssoides Pers. ex Merat for India.The fungus has been deposited in the CMI, Kew, England, as IMI 210043 and in the herbarium of Botany Department, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad as RSK-278. (PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cite this as- Kanaujia R.S. and R. Kishore (1977): A new host record of Periconia byssoides Pers. Ex Merat  from India. Fertilizer Technology. 14(3): 287.  
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A new leaf blight disease of Tephrosia purpurea in India

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pera. leaves were found severely infected by Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire. The specimen has been deposited in the herbarium Commonwealth Mycological Institute, England (IMI 209278) and the Mycological herbarium, Botany Department, K.S.S.P.G. College, Faizabad (RSK-119). (PDF at Slideshare.net)


Cited this as- Kanaujia, R.S. and R. Kishore: A new leaf blight disease of Tephrosia purpurea in India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 9(1): 100.
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Three new fungal disease from India

Leaf spot disease of Desmodium gyrans (Cercospora canescens)and Phragmites communis (Alternaria tenuissimaand a foot-rot disease of Coriandrum sativum (Torula herbarum f. quaternella) have been reported for the first time from India. The specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England and a part of collection has also been deposited in the Mycological Herbarium, Botany Department, K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad.(PDF at Slideshare.net)

Cited This as- Kanaujia R.S., Kishore R. and C.S. Singh (1978): Three new fungal disease from India. Acta Botanica Indica. 6: 92-93.
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A new blight disease of Fumeria parviflora in India

The leaves of Fumeria parviflora Lamk. were found infected by Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire. These leaves were collected from Ram Kote, Ayodhya of Faizabad district. The fungus has been deposited in the Herbarium C.M.I., England, as IMI 210038 and K.S.S. P.G. College, Faizabad as RSK-273. (PDF at slideshare.net)

Cited this as- Kanaujia R.S. (1978): A new blight disease of Fumeria parviflora in India. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 8(2): 210.

Monday 17 August 2015

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Somaclonal Variation: A new dimension for sugarcane improvement

Plant tissue culture or micropropagation technique is the rapid method to multiply newly released cultivar in limited time. Crop improvement by conventional method in vegetatively propagated crops like sugarcane is very difficult due to its narrow genetic base and other limitations. Somaclonal variations are easily achieved in asexually propagated crops like sugarcane and banana. Tissue culture derived variations are known as somaclonal variation. These variations play an important role in crop improvement program. Genetic variations are heritable in next generation and important for crop improvement, epigenetic changes are temporary ultimately reversible. Mutation breeding is also very advantageous for improving a cultivar. Somaclonal variants of sugarcane are available for several traits like drought, salt tolerance, red rot, eye spot disease, quality and quantity trait. Molecular marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR etc. are regularly used preferentially over traditional phenotypic or cytological methods. (PDF version at GERF Bulletin of Biosciences)  


Cited this as: Rastogi J., Siddhant, Bubber P. and Sharma BL. (2015): Somaclonal Variation: A new dimension for sugarcane improvement. GERF Bulletin of Biosciences. 6(1): 5-10.  

Wednesday 22 July 2015

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बासी गन्ने मे शर्करा क्षरण को कम करने मे उपयोगी रसायनों पर अध्ययन

गन्ने से अधिक से अधिक मात्रा मे चीनी प्राप्त करने के लिए गन्ना वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा अनवरत प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं। कटाई के उपरान्त, कटाई तथा पेराइ के मध्य के अन्तराल (स्टेलिंग) के कारण गन्ने की गुणवत्ता मे कमी आती है जो शर्करा के इंवर्जन के फलस्वरूप होती है। अतः स्टेलिंग के कारण चीनी परता मे होने वाली हानि से बचने के लिए गन्ने की जल्दी से जल्दी पेराई कर लेनी चाहिए। इस प्रकार की हानि से चीनी उद्योग पर विपरीत प्रभाव पड़ता है। यदि स्टेलिंग से 0.1 यूनिट चीनी कम बनती है तो (रु० 2000/- प्रति कुंतल चीनी की दर से) प्रतिदिन 50,000 रुपये का घाटा होता है। इस हानि को कम करने की दिशा मे, कुछ रसायनों जैसे- मरक्यूरिक क्लोराइड, सैलिसिलिक एसिड, जिंक सल्फेट, अमोनियम बाइफ्लोराइड तथा सोडियम एजाइड के एक प्रतिशत घोल का छिड़काव 5 गन्ना प्रजातियों (को०शा० 8432, को०शा० 8436, को०से० 92423, को० शा० 95255 तथा को० शा० 96268) पर किया गया। परिणाम बताते हैं कि उपरोक्त सभी रसायन चीनी परता मे हानि को कम करने मे प्रभावी सिद्ध हुए हैं। यद्यपि आपस मे उनके स्तर मे विभिन्नता रही।

Cite this as: आर० पी० श्रीवास्तव, सिद्धान्त एवं एम०एल० शर्मा (2009): बासी गन्ने मे शर्करा क्षरण को कम करने मे उपयोगी रसायनों पर अध्ययन। राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी मे ग्यारहवीं कृषि विज्ञान संगोष्ठी " सतरंगी क्रांति हेतु कृषि एवं पशुपालन की समेकित प्रणाली: अनुसंधान, उपलब्धियां एवं रणनीति"। 13-15 अप्रैल, 2009 पेज 75 (सारांश)

Saturday 20 June 2015

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कोसल की मृण्मयी नारी मूर्तियाँ: एक संकलन




नब्बे के दशक मे कोसल के पिपरहवा, बस्ती, अयोध्या एवं नैमिषारण्य क्षेत्र के खनित से कतिपय मिट्टी कीकई नारी मूर्तियाँ प्राप्त हुई थीं। ऐसी ही 05 मृण्य मूर्तियों का संग्रह अयोध्या मे का.सु. साकेत स्नातकोत्तर महाविद्यालय के वनस्पति विज्ञान विभाग के पूर्व प्राध्यापक डॉ. आर.एस. कनौजिया के पास आज भी सुरक्षित है।
प्रथम नारी प्रतिमा की ऊंचाई 19.5 सेमी है। इसका ललाट उभरा हुआ है। दायें कान मे कुंडल हैं। दोनों स्तन बड़े बड़े हैं। बायाँ कान और हाथ टूटा हुआ है। स्तन से सिमटा 05 सेमी लंबा एक बच्चा भी चित्रित है। दायें पैर की टूटी हुई एड़ी पर नारी ने हाथ रखा है। उसके हाथ की लंबाई 10 सेमी है। बायाँ हाथ और एड़ियाँ टूटी हुई हैं। दोनों भुजाओं को जोड़ते हुए तथा स्तनों के ठीक ऊपर गले का आभूषण है। प्रतिमा की संरचना से विदित होता है किकलाकार ने प्रथमतः सिलिन्डर बनाया होगा तत्पश्चात सिलिन्डर कि आधारशिला पर विभिन्न अंगों को जोड़-जोड़ कर बनाया होगा। अंततः उसे आँवा मे पकाया गया होगा। प्रतिमा के निचले टूटे हुए भाग के अवलोकन से विदित होता है कि प्रतिमा खूब पकाई गई थी। यही कारण है कि खंडित भाग मे श्यामलता का दर्शन होता है। इस प्रकार की प्रतिमाएँ प्रो. के.एम. श्रीवास्तव, भूतपूर्व डायरेक्टर, आर्कियोलोजिकल सर्वे ऑफ इण्डिया, नई दिल्ली को पिपरहवा, गनवरिया के पुरातात्विक सर्वेक्षण मे उपलब्ध हुई थीं। पुरातत्ववेत्ता प्रो. लाल ने अयोध्या के उत्खनन मे भी इस कोटी की नारी मूर्तियाँ प्राप्त की थीं। उक्त विद्वानों के अभिमत से इस प्रकार की मूर्तियाँ हरीति देवी की हैं जो कुषाण काल से सम्बन्ध रखती हैं।
द्वितीय नारी प्रतिमा 17 सेमी ऊंची है। इसका आंतरिक भाग खोखला है। बायें स्तन से बिल्कुल लिपटा हुआ 4 सेमी लंबा बच्चा है। नारी ने नासिका के बिल्कुल ऊपर भाल प्रदेश पर त्रिपुंड लगाया है। कलाकार ने भौहों को बहुत बारीकी से बनाया है। त्रिपुंड के ऊपर दो रेखाएं हैं। नारी ने गले मे एक हार पहना है। प्रतिमा का बायाँ हाथ टूटा हुआ है जब कि दाहिना हाथ कमर पर है।
तृतीय मृण्य नारी मूर्ति की ऊंचाई भी 17 सेमी है। नारी ध्यानावस्था मे चित्रित है। यह प्रतिमा प्रथम नारी प्रतिमा जैसी ही है। प्रथम प्रतिमा से विपरीत इसका दाहिना हाथ टूटा हुआ है। 
चौथी नारी प्रतिमा 23.5 सेमी ऊंची है जो अंदर से पूरी तरह खोखली है। बायाँ हाथ वस्त्राभरण कटिप्रांत पर टीका है। नारी शांत मुद्रा मे है। उसके बायें स्तन से लिपटा हुआ 05 सेमी लम्बा एक शिशु है। नारी के गले मे हार है। बायाँ पैर एड़ी से युक्त है। दाहिने पैर का घुटनों से नीचे का भाग खंडित है। द्वितीय प्रतिमा की भांति नारी ने नासिका के बिल्कुल ऊपर भाल प्रदेश पर त्रिपुंड लगाया है जिसके ऊपर दो रेखाएं हैं।
पाँचवी नारी प्रतिमा शीश विहीन है इसकी ऊंचाई 18.5 सेमी है। उसके बाएँ स्तन पर 5.5 सेमी लम्बा शिशु सिमटा हुआ है। बायीं भुजा मुड़कर उस शिशु के बिल्कुल नीचे चित्रित है। दाहिने हाथ के पंजे मात्र ही शेष बचे है। शरीर पर लबादा जैसा धारण किया है। लबादे के नीचे दोनों पैरों को कलावंत से सँजोया गया है। डॉ. कुमारी शशिप्रभा अस्थाना, राष्ट्रीय संग्रहालय, नई दिल्ली  इसे नारी देवता के रूप मे स्वीकार करती हैं।
कोसल की मृण्मयी नारी मूर्तियाँ
उपरोक्त सभी प्रतिमाओं के अध्ययन से विदित होता है कि ये मूर्तियाँ निश्चित रूप से हरीति देवी की हैं। इनका काल कुषाण काल है। इस प्रतिस्थापना की पुष्टि लाल किला, नई दिल्ली मे सुरक्षित पिपरहवा क्षेत्र की नारी प्रतिमाओं से की जा सकती है। 

 

Thursday 2 April 2015

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BRACKET FUNGI: A GROWING MEDIUM FOR OYSTER MUSHROOM


According to a worldwide survey, about 90 kinds of wastes have been proven to be useful for oyster mushroom growing, among these, wastes such as cereal straw, saw dust and wood logs can be re-divided into at least 100 individual type of waste linked to different plant species. It means that in fact a range about 200 different wastes are available as oyster mushroom substrates (Poppe, 2004). Most of these wastes have a C/N ratio between 32 and 600 and a pH 5.0 and 7.5 (Poppe, 2000). A lot of work has been done in India and abroad for Pleurotus cultivation on various kinds of agro-wastes like cereal (Kaul et. al., 1981; Bano and Srivastava, 1962, Singh and Tandon, 1987; Ramzan et. al., 1987; Geetha and Sivaprakasam, 1994; Savalgi and Savalgi, 1994; Ram, 1995; Chaurasia, 1997; Chandra et. al., 1998; Dubey, 1999; Gupta et. al., 1999; Ram and Pant, 2002; Sharma, 2003; Toth 1970, Siddhant et. al., 2006, 2009 & 2013; Khan and Chaudary, 1989) and millet wastes (Rai, 1997), pulses (Pani et. al., 1997; Bugarski et.al., 1997; Jain and Vyas, 2005a&b) and oil crop wastes (Garcha et. al., 1981; Mohan 1994; Tagwira et. al., 1999; Sohi and Upadhyay, 1989; Pani et. al., 1998; Rana and Goyal 1994; Champawat and Chitale 2003; Poppe 2004; Kumar et. al., 2004; Nivedita and Singh, 2004), vegetable (Ganeshan et. al., 1989;  Sohi et. al., 1989; 2004) and fruit wastes (Jandaik, 1974; Jandaik and Kapoor, 1974 & 1976;  Upadhyay and Gohil, 2004; Yoshikawa and Tsuetaki, 1979; Poppe, 2004), beverage (Martinez and Lopez, 1982; Martinez and Guzmán, 1983; Martinez, 1984; Martinez et. al., 1984; León et. al., 1983; Martinez et. al., 1985; Guzmán and Martinez, 1986; Martinez and Guzmán, 1987; Martinez-Carrera, 1989) and sugarcane crop wastes (Guzmán et. al., 1987; Singh and Rai, 1998; Chandrashekar et.al., 2001; Chandrashekar and Savalgi 2003; Mishra et. al., 2004; Moda, 2005), cotton (Sun and Yu, 1989; Nout and Keya, 1983; Cho et. al., 1981; Danai et. al., 1989; Cho et. al., 1981) and palm wastes (Beig and Jandaik 1989; Theradi 1992;  Bhawna and Thomas 2003; Thomas and Rajagopal 2003; Geetha et.al., 2002), wood (Flack, 1917) and wood products (Shah et. al., 2004), grasses (Martinez-Carrera, 1989; Poppe et. al., 1997; Kiran and Jandaik, 1989; Das et. al., 2000; Singh and Kaushal, 2001; Poppe, 2004), weeds (Das et. al., 1988; Poppe, 1995, Gujral et. al., 1989; Poppe, 2004; Das et. al., 1985; Singh et. al., 1991; Negi and Gupta, 1995; Kumar et. al., 2000; Singh and Kanaujia ,2000) and spice plant waste (Martinez-Carrera, 1989; Gogoi and Adhikary, 2002) at different time interval, Although, on the commercial scale, only few of them have been accepted for Pleurotus cultivation. In Present communication, Pleurotus sajor-caju  was grown on bracket fungi. This experiment was carried out with three small beds, and it  is not intended to produce mushrooms targeted for human consumption, since the main objective is to know the acceptability of bracket fungi as a growing medium for oyster mushroom.


MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mushroom culture:

The pure culture of Pleurotus sajor-caju was obtained from the mushroom section of Plant Pathology Department, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) India. The culture was maintained and subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. 

Spawn strategy:
Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum) was used as a spawn substrate. It was purchased from the seed market of Faizabad. The spawn was prepared by the conventional method (Naraian et al., 2009).
  
Substrate and its preparation:

Bracket fungi were used as a growing medium for Pleurotus sajor-caju. These were collected from the field trip of Forestry Department, Ayodhya during the month of November, 2014. These were sun dried and washed in fresh water and autoclaved at 15 lbs for 30 min. 
Bracket fungi selected for mushroom cultivation



Cultivation methodology:

The spawning was done in multilayered (3) manner @ 15 % to the substrate under hygienic condition. The mushroom bags were incubated in a cultivation room at 22-30°C for spawn run. When the mycelium had completely covered the beds, the mouth of bags were opened and irrigated as per requirement. The room was moistened to maintain the relative humidity 85-95 per cent.  The fruit bodies of appropriate size were picked-up by gentle handling.


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The result reveals that Pleurotus sajor-caju showed spawn run, primordial development and fruit body maturation on bracket fungi. They produced more the 50% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate during three flushes.
First flush of Pleurotus sajor-caju on bracket fungi
It might be due to bracket fungi meet nutritional requirement, desire for mushroom growth. It is well known that fungus have a characteristic mode of nutrition and require performed organic compounds as a source of energy and carbon skeleton for biosynthesis.
Second flush of Pleurotus sajor-caju on bracket fungi
Simplest of these compounds are transported across the cell membrane, but more complex ones  must be degraded to monomers outside the cells. This is achieved by means of extracellular enzymes which are released through the walls. Bracket fungi belongs to order Aphyllophorales. As other fungi, they also contain chitinous cell wall which may act as important nitrogen source for growing Pleurotus mushroom. It is reported that a wide range of microorganism including mushrooms can hydrolyze chitin as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen by producing chitinolytic enzymes. The mushroom production on bracket fungi might be due to other reason (s).(PDF Copy)


Cited this as: R.S. Kanaujia, Jyoti Rastogi, Mahesh Kumar and Siddhant (2016): A demonstration of mushroom cultivation on Bracket fungi. Journal of Basic and Applied Mycology. 12(II): 93-97.

Friday 20 March 2015

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SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION OF KING OYSTER MUSHROOM IN FAIZABAD (U.P.), INDIA

King oyster mushroom belongs to order Agaricales of Class Basidiomycetes. It is native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. It is also known as French horn, Trumpet Royale, King Trumpet mushroom, King brown mushroom and Kabul Dhingri. Its scientific name is Pleurotus eryngii. This mushroom was originally cultivated in Northern Italy and Switzerland where it is known locally as Cardoncello. Its cultivation on industrial scale began in Japan in 1995. In recent years, it has been commercially cultivated in many parts of the world like China, Australia, South Africa, South Korea and United States. It is considered as the best one of all Pleurotus species due to its excellent culinary properties and longest  shelf life than any other oyster mushroom. It has a pleasant aroma of almond and taste of Abalone. 
King Oyster mushroom in Faizabad

This mushroom has been successfully cultivated in District Faizabad(U.P.)during January 2015 - March 2015. Wheat straw was used as a substrate for growing this mushroom. It was washed in fresh water and then pasteurized in the solution of Formaldehyde (500ppm) and Bavistin (75ppm)for 18 hours. At the following day, it was spread over clean and inclined cemented floor to drain off excess water.Plastic bag technology was used in this experiment.
The beds were prepared from pasteurized substrate by multilayered (3) spawning. The mouth of bag tightened with fibre thread. The beds were then incubated in cultivation room under natural condition. When mycelia had completely covered the beds, the mouth of bags were opened and relative humidity was maintained between 85-95% with the help of humidifier.  
Harvested King oyster Mushroom

The mushrooms appear about 15-20 days after spawning. It produces almost 100% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate.
This news has been published in various news papers.

 
जनमोर्चा (अप्रैल 08, 2015)



 
अवध कमेन्ट वीक (अप्रैल 08, 2015)
अमर उजाला (अप्रैल 19, 2015)

Tuesday 17 March 2015

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अयोध्या मे मशरूम उत्पादन इकाई शुरू




अक्सर देखा गया है कि उचित खानपान के बावजूद लोगों खासतौर पर महिलाओं एवं बच्चों मे प्रोटीन और खनिज लवणों के संदर्भ मे कुपोषण पाया गया है। एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार उत्तर प्रदेश मे हाल के वर्षों मे यह एक गंभीर समस्या बन कर उभरा है। कुपोषण के मामले मे यह राज्य केवल बिहार, आंध्र प्रदेश और दमन दीव से ही पीछे है। मशरूम स्वास्थ्यवर्धक एवं औषधीय गुणों से युक्त सुपाच्य खाद्य हैं जो कुपोषण से निपटने के लिए अच्छे विकल्प साबित हुए हैं। यह कवक समूह की एक सरल किस्म की वनस्पति है, जिनके फलनकाय को खाने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। ये फलनकाय अलग अलग जातियों मे भिन्न भिन्न रूप व रचना वाले होते हैं । बटन मशरूम मे यह गोल, पुवाल मशरूम मे अंडाकार तथा ढींगरी मशरूम मे चपटे व फैले होते हैं। पौष्टिकता की दृष्टि से इन्हे शाकाहार एवं मांसाहार भोजन के बीच रखा जाता है। इनमे उच्च कोटि की प्रोटीन पायी जाती है जिसकी पाचन शक्ति 60-97 प्रतिशत तक होती है। मशरूम की प्रोटीन मे शरीर के लिए आवश्यक सभी अमीनो अम्ल जैसे मेथियोनीन, ल्यूसीन,आइसोल्यूसिन, लाइसीन, थाइमीन, ट्रिपटोफैन, वैलीन, हिस्टीडीन और आर्जिनिन आदि की प्राप्ति हो जाती है जो शाकाहारी भोजन मे प्रचुर मात्रा मे नहीं पाये जाते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त मरूम मे उत्तम स्वास्थ्य के लिए आवश्यक सभी प्रमुख खनिज लवण (पोटैशियम, फास्फोरस, सल्फर, कैल्शियम, लोहा, तांबा, आयोडीन, सेलेनियम और जिंक) एवं विटामिन (थायमीन, राइबोफ्लेविन, नियासीन, बायोटिन, एस्कोर्बिक एसिड, पैंटोथेनीक एसिड ) प्रचुर मात्रा मे पाये जाते हैं। मशरूम मे विटामिन डी का पाया जाना इन्हे विटामिन डी का एकमात्र शाकाहारी स्रोत बनाता है, जब कि कॉलेस्ट्रोल एवं स्टार्च की अनुपस्थिति इन्हे क्रमशः हृदय और मधुमेह रोगियों के लिए सर्वथा उपयुक्त खाद्य बनाती हैं। मशरूम की लगभग 2000 खाद्य प्रजातियों मे से कोई एक दर्जन प्रजातियों की व्यावसायिक  खेती दुनियाँ भर मे की जा रही है। भारत के मैदानी भागों मे मुख्य रूप से तीन मशरूम प्रजातियों की खेती व्यावसायिक एवं व्यावहारिक स्तर पर की जाती है। जिनमे श्वेत बटन मशरूम की खेती नवंबर माह से फरवरी तथा पुवाल मशरूम की खेती जून माह से सितंबर तक होती है जब कि ढींगरी मशरूम की प्रजातियों के तापक्रम अर्हता मे अंतर होने के कारण इनका उत्पादन काल विस्तृत होता है जिन्हे शीत ऋतु एवं वर्षा ऋतु मे आसानी से उगाया जा सकता है। मशरूम के इन्हीं गुणों को ध्यान मे रखते हुए भगवान श्री राम की जन्मभूमि के रूप मे विख्यात अयोध्या जी  मे श्री प्यारे लाल एग्रो प्रोडक्टस के बैनर तले मशरूम का उत्पादन प्रारम्भ किया गया है। विभिन्न समाचार पत्रों ने इस खबर को प्रमुखता से प्रकाशित किया है। 

फर्म की प्रबन्धक श्रीमती उषा कनौजिया ने बताया कि अयोध्या स्थित मशरूम इकाई मे अभी केवल ढींगरी मशरूम का उत्पादन शुरू किया गया है परन्तु निकट भविष्य मे बटन मशरूम के साथ साथ शिताके, बूना शिमजी, पुवाल व मिल्की मशरूम के उत्पादन की भी योजना है।

Tuesday 3 February 2015

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Successful cultivation of Blue oyster mushroom in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh

Blue Oyster mushroom often grows in clusters on living elm trees or elm logs in forest and thus also called elm oyster. Its scientific name is Hypsizygus ulmarius where "Hypsi means "High" or "on high" and "zygus" means a "yoke" thus Hypsizygus ulmarius referring to the position of this mushroom often high in the tree. The fruiting body of elm oyster are larger, heavier and white to bluish grey in colour. It has a stipe that is off center to nearly central. Its gills are attached to stipe but unlike oyster mushroom it is not decurrent. This mushroom was initially described as Pleurotus ulmarius (Bull.) Owl. in the family Pleurotaceae but later it was placed in Tricholomataceae. This mushroom species has been cultivated successfully in natural condition of District Faizabad between the year of December 2014- January 2015. The cultivation method of this mushroom is similar to as oyster mushroom. Wheat straw was used as a growing medium for its cultivation. It was washed in fresh water and then treated with Bavistin (75 ppm) and formaldehyde (500 ppm) solution. After 16 hr, the straw was taken out and excess water was drained. Thorough spawning was done to seed the beds. Spawn bags were arranged in a ventilated room for spawn run. After comlplete spawn run, beds were opened and relative humidity was maintained between 80-90% with the help of humidifier. The mushrooms appear about 22 days after spawning. It produces more than 100% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate.

Tuesday 20 January 2015

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संतति







एक और रोज
वो आखिरी परिंदा भी उड़ गया,
रह गई पीछे
तो बस एक सूखी शाख
शाख से गिरे पत्ते
और पत्तों के
जालिकावत शिरा-विन्यास.....
इन सबके बीच
बच गया थोड़ा मैं
बच गयी थोड़ी तुम
और बच गया
हमारे बीच एक ठहराव,
मैं रोज़  उस ठहराव मे
कंकड़ फेकता हूँ,
ताकि किसी रोज पैदा हो लहर
और बदले हमारे आस-पास की आबोहवा.....
एक रोज आरामकुर्सी पर बैठ
मैं ये कहानी
अपनी संतति को दूंगा । ।

                                 - सिद्धान्त
                                  जनवरी 21, 2015