Cultivation of Pleurotus flabellatus (Berk. Et Br.) Sacc. using different waste substrate

The lignocellulosic biomass constitutes a major portion of the total carbon fixed by photosynthesis. It consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin that are closely associated with each other constituting cellular complex of the vegetal biomass. However, only a small fraction of this biomass is utilized; most of it is considered waste material. The abundant availability of wastes pose a problem of disposal. Bio-conversion of these renewable wastes would solve pollution problems, and also these organic wastes may become available for soil enrichment. Biodegradation of various agro and agro-industrial wastes could be accomplished through several microorganisms to degrade the lignocellulosic complex. Among these microbes, oyster mushrooms are known to produce extracellular enzymes, such as manganese peroxidase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and aryl alcohol oxidase, which are capable of degrading this biomass. Hence, biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with this mushrooms become economically and environmentally attractive. 

                                    Cultivation methodology
 Various lignocellulosic wastes like sugarcane trash (ST), corn cob (CC), mango sawdust (MSD), paddy straw (PS), waste paper (WP) and wheat straw (WS) were used alone and in combination with wheat straw substrate (1:1) for the cultivation of Pleurotus flabellatus. Among these, traditionally used wheat straw was considered as control. First of all, big sized substrates were chopped into small pieces of about 1 cm length. Thereafter,  these were filled separately and in combination in 42×30 cm sized polypropylene bags. These were then washed throughly in fresh water, and pasteurized in a solution of formaldehyde (500 ppm ) and Bavistin (75 ppm ) for 18 h. Under aseptic conditions, these were inoculated with mushroom spawn (@ 5% w/w on dry weight basis) and incubated at 25-30°C for mycelial growth. Once mycelium has completely colonized the substrate, several cuts (1.0-1.5 cm diameter) are made on the mushroom bags. The humidity of room is maintained 80-95% with the help of humidifier. Completely randomized design (CRD) were employed for this study. Yield data were statistically analysed. The critical difference was worked out at five percent probability level.

                      Effect of substrates on mushroom yield
Mushroom has utilized all substrates and their combinations for their mycelial growth and fruit body development although their magnitude varies among themselves. All the substrate combinations showed quick substrate colonization and early fruit body maturation than individual substrates (Table 1&2). The mycelial growth of mushroom on diverse range of waste indicates that the substrate materials meet all the nutritional requirements desired for fungal growth. It is well established that mushroom growth directly depends upon the amount of nutrients present in the substrate and their availability to fungus.

Table.1 Effect of substrates on mushroom production

Table.2 Effect of substrate combination on mushroom production
*Average of three replications

  Likewise, time taken by mycelia to start pinning also depends on the substrate used. Material with high quality of lignin and cellulose contents take a longer time to initiate the pinning compared to the substrate with low content of lignin and cellulose. Due to presence of very low amount of lignin in straw substrate (about 16 %), they took shorter period for primordial development than high lignin containing substrate.  
 The mushrooms which grow on waste material are also capable of degrading various substrate components but all of them are not similar in their enzymatic activities and therefore, they show preference for specific substrate. Due to this, yield and biological efficiency varies among the substrates and their combinations. Every substrate mixed with wheat straw showed better response than individual form (Table 1&2). It illustrates that better yield can be achieved from low yielding substrates by using substrate combination strategy. In our investigation, paddy straw was proved high yielding substrate in both the form. It was due to high cellulose content in straw substrate that would result in enhancing cellulase enzyme production. This enzyme is positively correlated with yield of mushroom.

Fruiting of Pleurotus flabellatus on various wastes -Sugarcane trash (ST), Corn cob (CC), paddy straw (PS), Waste paper (WP), CC+WS, MSD+WS, PS+WS, WP+WS and Wheat straw(WS)

Cite this as: Siddhant, Ruchira Singh and R.S. Kanaujia (2009): Cultivation of Pleurotus flabellatus (Berk. Et Br.) Sacc. using different waste substrate. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 88(1&2): 137-139.

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मेरी कलम 00:27  No comment

तुम्हारे लिए

अभी कल ही की बात है
जब मैंने बोये थे
कुछ आखिरी शब्द
कागजों पर
सिलसिलेवार क्रम में,
और अब मेरे पास
तुम्हें देने को
कवितायेँ नहीं।
वैसे भी,
तुम पर कुछ लिखना
कितना कठिन है न,
जब कि तुम
इतने भी सुन्दर नहीं
कि बन न सके
तुम पर एक कविता।
और अब
सोचता हूँ कि
तुम पर
कुछ न कुछ
गढ़ने को
चुनने हैं अभी
कितने और शब्द,
इसी उहापोह  में
कविता जैसी ही ये कविता
केवल तुम्हारे लिए।।

                                  - सिद्धान्त
                                  नवम्बर 10,2012

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मेरी कलम 22:42  1 comment

SPAWN MANIPULATION FOR PLEUROTUS EOUS

The spawn is nothing but the seeds of mushroom. Its making has been primary concern in mushroom industry which is achieved by developing mushroom mycelia on supporting medium under controlled environmental conditions. In almost all cases the supporting matrix is sterilized grain which is preferred due to its bio-chemical properties and practical performance over others. Traditionally, wheat grains are used as spawn substrate. Unfortunately, the ever increasing demand of this grains for human consumption leaves little scope for its use in spawn making. A number of less popular grains can be used to prepare mushroom spawn. Keeping this in mind, we have screened various cereals viz., Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Oat (Avena sativa) and millets, viz., Italian millet (Setaria italica), Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides), Little millet (Panicum miliare) and Sorghum (Sorghum vulgaris) against traditionally used wheat grain  (Triticum aestivum) for making efficient planting spawn of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous.

                                     Methodology

This work was carried out in Mushroom Research laboratory, K.S.S. P.G. College, Ayodhya, Faizabad (U.P.), India. The mother spawn was purchased from the Mushroom section of Plant Pathology Department, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) India. The planting spawn was developed by the method given below. 

Grains for making spawn

One kilogram of cereals and millets is washed separately and water soaked overnight. On the following day, these were washed again and in water for at least 10-15 minutes until they expanded and not broken. The water was then drained out and boiled grains were allowed to cool. Two per cent gypsum and four per cent calcium carbonate was added to grains thoroughly. The mixture obtained was loosely packed in spawn containers and autoclaved at 15 lbs (121°C) for 1-1½ hour. After autoclaving, the containers were removed from autoclave. Next day these were inoculated with the 10-15gm of mother spawn of fungus within aseptic conditions and incubated at 24-25 °C until mushroom mycelium covered the grain substrate.   

Spawn developed on different grain substrate

 Once spawn was prepared, the pastuerized wheat straw was seeded with it @ 5% w/w on dry wt basis in  multilayered  manner (3). The bags was then incubated in cultivation room at 22-30°C for mycelial growth. Once the mycelia has completely colonized the wheat straw substrate, the polythene covering is turned off and relative humidity is maintained 85-95 per cent with the help of humidifier. The mushrooms are harvested by gently twisting and pulling them from the bags. Completely randomized design (CRD) was employed for this experiment. Yield data was statistically analysed. The critical difference (CD) was worked out at five per cent probability level.
                                         Results
For making of planting spawn, the basal medium (grain) is inoculated with mother spawn of mushroom.  The grains act as a reservoir of carbohydrates which offer sufficient nutrition for mycelial growth and provide vehicle for the eventual even distribution of mushroom inoculant. The major disadvantage of small grains like Italian and little millet is presence of less food material in their endosperm and greater surface area in a given amount as compared to larger grains. Thus, mushroom mycelium  took more time to establish and run over the surface of grains resulting delayed spawn development. (Table) 

Table.  Efficiency of different grain spawn on yield performance of Pleurotus eous

 After seeding the  growing mediums, grain spawn allows a quick spreading of mycelium from a small propagation center because small grains like Italian and little millets provide more point of inoculum per gram of spawn, they covers the substrate sooner and gives early fruiting than larger grains i.e. maize. Medium sized grain also seems better in aforesaid terms. 
The yield variation shows that fruiting of mushroom is greatly influenced by spawn substrate. In our investigation, oat, barley and sorghum grains were found more productive than others. Statistically, they were at par to each other. (See original)

Cite this as: Siddhant, Swapnil Yadav and C.S. Singh (2013). Spawn and Spawning Strategies for the Cultivation of Pleurotus eous (Berkeley) Saccardo. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and chemical sciences. 2(3):1494-1500 

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मेरी कलम 02:29  No comment