RECYCLING OF SPENT OYSTER MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE TO RECOVER ADDITIONAL VALUE (PART-2)

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) left after the cultivation of oyster mushroom  is a nutrient rich by-product. It can be used in different ways like as fuel sources, as plant growing media, as disease controlling agents, to re-use in cultivation of mushrooms, to produced ruminant feed and to produced fertilizers etc.    
In present communication, SMS obtained from cultivation of Pleurotus eous was recycled as a fertilizer for the growth and yield potential of Spinacea oleracea. 

Cultivation methodology:

SMS was used to explore its ability as a fertilizer. It was milled and sieved through 0.2 cm sieves. Three different proportions 1, 3 and 5 % (w/w) were added to the soil as adopted by Shukry et al., (1999). Each proportion was mixed thoroughly with the soil and placed in 15 cm diameter pot. Fifteen seeds of test plant (Spinacea oleracea) were sown 0.5" deep in this mixture and growth in respect of yield (g) was recorded. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed for this experiment. The data were statistically analyzed and the critical difference (CD) was worked out at five percent probability level. 

Results:

SMS containing sets showed early seed germination than pure soil. The time of germination decreased with increasing proportion of SMS and recorded minimum in 5% SMS proportion sets. However, such trends were not observed in harvesting time where all the sets took equal time (37 days). The yield of Spinacia oleracea was observed higher in all treatments. It was recorded significant only in 5% SMS containing sets (120 gm). (Table)

Effect of SMS on germination and yield of Spinacea oleracea

The result revealed that supplementation of higher dose of SMS not only gives early seed emergence but also increased the yield performance of Spinacia oleracea.(Figure)

Effect of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as fertilizer on germination and yield of Spinacia oleracea.

Discussion: 

SMS supplemented sets showed shorter time for seed germination. A positive effect of SMS on yield of Spinacia oleracea was also noticed where its high Proportion showed significant production of crop. This may be because of the SMS improved the physical property of soil by decreasing soil bulk density, increasing aggregate stability, reducing surface crust formation and diurnal temperature changes, increasing the infiltration rate, aeration and water retaining capacity of the soil. It is well known that physical properties of soil were directly related to crop yield (Stewart et al., 1998). It also maintains high organic matter content in the soil. Zheng and co-worker stated that it contains higher percentage of three primary nutrients e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as a fertilizer (Rinker et al., 2004) while Zadrazil (1976) suggested that during growth on straw, Pleurotus releases humic acids like fractions when added to soil which increase its fertility. In addition, humic substances may affect the plant biochemical process (Vaughan et al., 1985). Shukry et al. (1999) reported that addition of straw in the soil caused an increase in the number of total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi of the rhizosphere. Ranyanathan and Selvaseelan (1994) observed that the yield of green gram increased in plots previously supplied with mushroom spent rice straw. López Castro et al., (2008) stated that Pleurotus waste was adequate to sustain the growth of Salvia officinalis by improving air porosity and mineral content of the soil.(See original) 

References:

• López Castro, R. I., Delmastro, S. and N. R. Curvetto (2008). Spent oyster mushroom substrate in a mix with organic soil for plant pot cultivation. Mycologia applicada international 20(1): 17-26.
• Ranyanathan, D.S. and D.A. Selvaseelan (1994). Residual effect of mushroom spent rice straw compost on yield and nutrient uptake in green gram. Madras Agril. J., 81:478.
• Rinker, D.L. , ZERI and S.W. Kang (2004). Recycling of oyster mushroom substrate. In: Mushroom Growers’ Handbook-1. 9:187-191.
• Stewart, D. P. C., Cameron, K. C., Cornforth, I. S. and J. R. Sedcole (1998). Effects of spent mushroom substrate on soil physical conditions and plant growth in an intensive horticultural system. Australian journal of soil research 36(6): 899 – 912.
• Shukry, W.M., El-Fallal, A.A. and H.M.S. El-Bassiouny (1999). Effect of spent wheat straw growth, growth hormones, metabolism and rhizosphere of Cucumis sativa. Egypt. J. Physiol. Sci., 23:39-69.
• Vaughan, D., R.E. Malcolm and B.D. Ord (1985). Influence of humic substances on biochemical processes in plants. In: D. Vaughan and D.R. Malcolm (Ed.), Soil organic matter and biological activity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp: 37-45.

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Siddhant and C.S. Singh (2009). Recycling of spent oyster mushroom substrate to recover additional value. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology. 5(2): 66-71

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मेरी कलम 22:47  1 comment

RECYCLING OF SPENT OYSTER MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE TO RECOVER ADDITIONAL VALUE (PART-1)

Oyster mushrooms is cultivated on a wide range of fresh agro-wastes. During its cultivation, a gradual depletion of nutrients from substrate takes place due to subsequent utilization of mushroom mycelium. This depleted substrate is known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Its reutilization gives additional benefit to mushroom growers. It can be utilized to prepare manure. It can also be used as feed for animals and as feeding material for vermicomposting and biogas production. 
In present communication, possibilities of reutilization of spent substrate was carried out for the cultivation  of various mushroom species.

Cultivation methodology:

The fresh wheat straw was selected as a substrate for the cultivation of three oyster species, viz., Pleurotus sajor-caju strain-Malaysia, P. flabellatus and P. florida Strain-P1. It was washed in fresh water and then pasteurized in the solution of formaldehyde (500ppm) and bavistin (75 ppm)for 18 hours as recommended by Vijay and Sohi (1987). Spent substrate, left after cultivation of Pleurotus eous was then autoclaved and mixed with this substrate at the rate of 10, 15 and 25%. The beds were prepared by layer spawning following the procedure of Bano(1971). These were incubated in cultivation room at 22-30 ° C for spawning running. When mycelium had completely covered the beds, the polythene covering was taken off and relative humidity was maintained 85-95%. Time lapsed in spawn running and Primordial development, yield and biological efficiency of mushroom was separately recorded for each oyster species. The biological efficiency was expressed as percentage yield of fresh mushroom in relation to dry weight of substrate (Chang and Miles,1989). 

Results and Discussion:

The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was utilized by all the Pleurotus spp, viz., P. sajor-caju Strain- Malaysia, P. florida Strain- P1 and P. flabellatus. All the sets supplemented with SMS gave higher yield and biological efficiency than unsupplemented one (Control).

Cultivation of Oyster species (A) P. sajor-caju, (B) P. florida Strain  P1 (C) P. flabellatus on 25% SMS supplemented sets

The yield increased with increase in proportion of SMS supplementation. In case of Pleurotus sajor-caju and P. flabellatus, it was recorded significant only in 25% supplemented sets (345 g, 69% and 525 g, 105% respectively while in P. florida, the significant yield and B.E. was observed in 15 % and 25% SMS supplemented sets (550g, 110% and 565g, 113% respectively). It might be due to increased mineral and protein content in SMS(Silva et.al., 2002; Ceci Sales-Campos et.al., 2009)which is available to fungus after supplementation. The role of minerals in the fruiting of mushrooms is well established.(Table)(See Original)

Table: Effect of SMS supplementation on yield potential of mushroom

References:

• Bano, Z. (1971). Cultivation of Pleurotus flabellatus. Second Int. Symp. Pl. Pathol., New Delhi (Abstract No. 135)
• Ceci Sales-Campos, Augusta Ferreira Eira, Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni and meire Cristina Nugueira de Andrade (2009): Mineral composition of raw material, substrate and fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus in culture. Interciencia 34 (6): 432-436. 
• Chang, S.T. and P.G. Miles (1989). Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultivation, CRC Press, Bocaa Raton, pp. 256-274.
• Silva S.O., Costa S.M.G. and Clemente E.(2002): Chemical composition of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel., substrates and residue after cultivation. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 45:531-535.
• Vijay, B. and H.S. Sohi (1987). Cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju(Fr.) Singer on chemically sterilized wheat straw. Mush. J. Tropics 7:67-75.

Cite this as:

Siddhant and C.S. Singh (2009). Recycling of spent oyster mushroom substrate to recover additional value. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology. 5(2): 66-71

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मेरी कलम 00:53  No comment

Effect of wheat straw components on the yield of Pleurotus eous

Pleurotus is commonly known as Oyster mushroom. It can be cultivate on wide range of agro-waste (Poppe, 2004). Most of these wastes have a C/N ratio between 32 and 600 and a P^H 5.0 and 7.5 (Poppe, 2000). A lot of work has been done in India and abroad for Pleurotus cultivation on various kinds of agro-wastes like cereal and millet waste (Rai, 1997;  Sharma, 2003; Siddhant et.al. 2009), pulses and oil crop waste (Jain and Vyas, 2005; Nivedita and Singh, 2004), vegetable and fruit waste (Yoshikawa and Tsuetaki, 1979; Poppe, 2004), beverage and sugarcane crop waste (Chandrashekar et.al. 2001; Moda, 2005), cotton and palm waste (Pani et.al. 1997; Croan, 2000; Shah et.al. 2004), wood and wood products (Das et.al. 2000; Singh and Kaushal, 2001), grasses and weeds (Poppe, 1995; Negi and Gupta, 1995; Kumar et.al. 2000; Singh et al. 1991, Poppe, 2004) ect at different time interval. Although, on the commercial scale, only few of them have been accepted for its cultivation. Among them, wheat straw is one of the popular substrate which is obtained from the threshing of harvested wheat crop. It is composed of pieces of stem (S), leaves (L) and leaf sheath (LS). In present communication, these were assessed for the yield potential of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous. 

Cultivation methodology:

Micro-organism:
The pure culture of Pleurotus eous (Berk) Sacc. was obtained from the mushroom section of Plant Pathology Department, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) India. The culture was maintained and subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium.

Spawn strategy:

Wheat grains (Triticum aestivum) were used as a spawn substrate. The spawn was prepared by conventional method. 

Substrate preparation:

           Different component of wheat straw, viz., fine pieces of L and LS (0.2 cm),  coarse pieces of L and LS (0.4cm), small pieces of stem (1.0cm) and  large pieces of stem(1.7 cm) were washed separately in fresh water and then pasteurized in the solution of Formaldehyde (500ppm) and Bavistin (75ppm) for 18 hours as recommended by Vijay and Sohi (1987).

Mushroom cultivation:

The beds were prepared from pasteurized substrate by layer spawning following the procedure of Bano (1971). These were incubated in a cultivation room at 22-30°C for spawn running. When mycelium had completely covered the beds, the polythene covering was taken off and the relative humidity was maintained 85-95 %  with the help of humidifier. The yield parameters recorded were, time lapsed in spawn running, pin head initiation and maturity of fruit bodies, number of flushes, yield and biological efficiency. The biological efficiency was expressed as percentage yield of fresh mushrooms in relation to the dry weight of the substrate according to Chang and Miles (1989).

Statistical analysis:

Completely randomized design (CRD) was followed for the experiment. All data were statistically analysed. The critical difference (CD) processed at the five per cent probability level.

Results and Discussion: 

The component had variable effects on duration of spawn running, pinning and fruit body maturation, which ranged from 15-24 days, 18-29 days and 22-34 days, respectively (Table). The fine and coarse component i.e. pieces of leaf and leaf sheath took longer duration in aforesaid manifestations. It was due to less air space available and much water holding capacity of the substrate particles. They also showed decrease in yield with greater incidence of contamination. Low biological efficiency of mushrooms might be due to less food material available in L & LS while susceptibility against contaminants was possibly due to presence of dust particles that provide inoculum for the development of competitors. 

Average of three replication

        Table: Effect of wheat straw components on mushroom yield

The highest yield was obtained from the small and large pieces of stem with 341 g, 68.2% and 336 g, 67.2 %, respectively. Statistically, these were at par to each other. Absence of contaminants along with higher yield revealed the importance of these components. ([PDF] from ijcmas.com)

References: 

• Bano, Z. 1971. Cultivation of Pleurotus flabellatus. Second Int. Symp. Pl. Pathol., New Delhi. (Abstract No. 135).
• Chandrashekar, B.S., V. Savalgi and J.H. Kulkarni (2001): Cultivation trails of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer on sodium hydroxide pretreated sugarcane by-products. Mush. Res.10(1): 27-30. 
• Chang, S.T. and P.G. Miles. 1989. Edible mushrooms and their cultivation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 256-274.
• Croan, S.C. (2000): Conversion of wood waste into value-added products by edible and medicinal Pleurotus (F.) P. Karst. Species (Agaricales  s.l., Basidiomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2:73-80.
• Das, N., S.C. Mahapatra and R.N. Chattopadhyay (2000): Use of wild grasses as substrate for the cultivation of oyster mushroom in South West Bengal. Mush. Res. 9(2): 95-99. 
• Jain, A.K. and D. Vyas (2005): Comparative study on the yield of three Pleurotus species grown in several lignocellulosic by-products. J. Basic Appl. Mycol. 4(I&II): 155-157.
• Kumar, P., J. Pal and B.M. Sharma (2000): Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju on different substrates. Mushroom Res. 9(1): 43-45.
• Moda, E.M., J. Horii and M.H.F. Spoto (2005): Edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju production on washed and supplemented sugarcane bagasse. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Braz.) 62(2): 127-132.
• Negi, P.S. and R.C. Gupta (1995): Cannabis sativa (Bhang) leaves a suitable substrate to cultivate Pleurotus sajor-caju.  Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 25(3): 304-305.
• Nivedita, L. and N.I. Singh (2004): Lignocellulose degradation by mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Environmental Biology and Conservation, 9: 89-90.
• Pani,B., S. Panda and S. Das (1997): Utilization of some by-products and other wastes for sporophore production of oyster mushroom. Orissa Journal of Horticulture 25(1): 36-39.
• Poppe, J. (1995): Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms on tropical agricultural wastes. Biennial Training course. ABOS & VLIR. University Gent. 
• Poppe, J. (2000): Use of agricultural waste materials in the cultivation of mushrooms. In: L. Van Griensven: Proceedings 15th International Congress on Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Balkema Rotterdam, 3-23.
• Poppe, J. (2004): Agricultural wastes as substrate for oyster mushroom. In: Mushroom Growers’ Handbook1, 5:75-85. 
• Rai, B.K. (1997): Cultivation of oyster mushroom on straws. VASUNDHARA (International Journal of Environmental Biology) 2: 83-84.
• Shah, Z.A., M. Ashraf and M. Ishtiaq Ch. (2004): Comparative study on cultivation and yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on different substrates (Wheat straw, Leaves, Saw Dust). Pakistan Journal of Nutition 3(3): 158-160.
• Sharma, B.B. (2003): Effect of different substrate (Grain/ Straw) on spawn growth and yield of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus djamor (Fr.) Boedijn. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 33(2): 265-268. 
• Siddhant, Ruchira Singh and R.S. Kanaujia (2009): Cultivation of Pleurotus flabellatus (Berk. Et Br.) Sacc. using different waste substrates. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 88(1&2):137-139.
• Singh, C.S., A.B. Prasad and R.S. Kanaujia (1991): Naked patsan stem sticks: a promising substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju. Indian Phytopathol. Zonal Meeting, (Abstract72). 
• Singh, M.P. and S.C. Kaushal (2001): Common grass- a potent substrate of oyster mushroom. Mush. Res. 10(1): 43-45. 
• Vijay, B. and H.S. Sohi 1987. Cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer on chemically sterilized wheat straw. Mush. J. Tropics 7: 67-75. 
• Yoshikawa, K. and N. Tsuetaki (1979): Utilization of citrus unshiu peels as primary substrate for edible mushroom cultivation. Hakkokogaku Kaishi  57(6): 467-488.

Cite this as: 

Siddhant, Swapanil Yadav, Aquil Ahmad and C.S. Singh (2013). Effect of wheat straw components on the yield of Pleurotus eous. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science. 2(8):221-225.

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मेरी कलम 23:37  No comment