BRACKET FUNGI: A GROWING MEDIUM FOR OYSTER MUSHROOM

According to a worldwide survey, about 90 kinds of wastes have been proven to be useful for oyster mushroom growing, among these, wastes such as cereal straw, saw dust and wood logs can be re-divided into at least 100 individual type of waste linked to different plant species. It means that in fact a range about 200 different wastes are available as oyster mushroom substrates (Poppe, 2004). Most of these wastes have a C/N ratio between 32 and 600 and a p^H 5.0 and 7.5 (Poppe, 2000). A lot of work has been done in India and abroad for Pleurotus cultivation on various kinds of agro-wastes like cereal (Kaul et. al., 1981; Bano and Srivastava, 1962, Singh and Tandon, 1987; Ramzan et. al., 1987; Geetha and Sivaprakasam, 1994; Savalgi and Savalgi, 1994; Ram, 1995; Chaurasia, 1997; Chandra et. al., 1998; Dubey, 1999; Gupta et. al., 1999; Ram and Pant, 2002; Sharma, 2003; Toth 1970, Siddhant et. al., 2006, 2009 & 2013; Khan and Chaudary, 1989) and millet wastes (Rai, 1997), pulses (Pani et. al., 1997; Bugarski et.al., 1997; Jain and Vyas, 2005a&b) and oil crop wastes (Garcha et. al., 1981; Mohan 1994; Tagwira et. al., 1999; Sohi and Upadhyay, 1989; Pani et. al., 1998; Rana and Goyal 1994; Champawat and Chitale 2003; Poppe 2004; Kumar et. al., 2004; Nivedita and Singh, 2004), vegetable (Ganeshan et. al., 1989;  Sohi et. al., 1989; 2004) and fruit wastes (Jandaik, 1974; Jandaik and Kapoor, 1974 & 1976;  Upadhyay and Gohil, 2004; Yoshikawa and Tsuetaki, 1979; Poppe, 2004), beverage (Martinez and Lopez, 1982; Martinez and Guzmán, 1983; Martinez, 1984; Martinez et. al., 1984; León et. al., 1983; Martinez et. al., 1985; Guzmán and Martinez, 1986; Martinez and Guzmán, 1987; Martinez-Carrera, 1989) and sugarcane crop wastes (Guzmán et. al., 1987; Singh and Rai, 1998; Chandrashekar et.al., 2001; Chandrashekar and Savalgi 2003; Mishra et. al., 2004; Moda, 2005), cotton (Sun and Yu, 1989; Nout and Keya, 1983; Cho et. al., 1981; Danai et. al., 1989; Cho et. al., 1981) and palm wastes (Beig and Jandaik 1989; Theradi 1992;  Bhawna and Thomas 2003; Thomas and Rajagopal 2003; Geetha et.al., 2002), wood (Flack, 1917) and wood products (Shah et. al., 2004), grasses (Martinez-Carrera, 1989; Poppe et. al., 1997; Kiran and Jandaik, 1989; Das et. al., 2000; Singh and Kaushal, 2001; Poppe, 2004), weeds (Das et. al., 1988; Poppe, 1995, Gujral et. al., 1989; Poppe, 2004; Das et. al., 1985; Singh et. al., 1991; Negi and Gupta, 1995; Kumar et. al., 2000; Singh and Kanaujia ,2000) and spice plant waste (Martinez-Carrera, 1989; Gogoi and Adhikary, 2002) at different time interval, Although, on the commercial scale, only few of them have been accepted for Pleurotus cultivation. In Present communication, Pleurotus sajor-caju  was grown on bracket fungi. This experiment was carried out with three small beds, and it  is not intended to produce mushrooms targeted for human consumption, since the main objective is to know the acceptability of bracket fungi as a growing medium for oyster mushroom.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mushroom culture:

The pure culture of Pleurotus sajor-caju was obtained from the mushroom section of Plant Pathology Department, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) India. The culture was maintained and subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. 

Spawn strategy:
Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum) was used as a spawn substrate. It was purchased from the seed market of Faizabad. The spawn was prepared by the conventional method (Naraian et al., 2009).

  

Substrate and its preparation:

Bracket fungi were used as a growing medium for Pleurotus sajor-caju. These were collected from the field trip of Forestry Department, Ayodhya during the month of November, 2014. These were sun dried and washed in fresh water and autoclaved at 15 lbs for 30 min. 

Bracket fungi selected for mushroom cultivation

Cultivation methodology:

The spawning was done in multilayered (3) manner @ 15 % to the substrate under hygienic condition. The mushroom bags were incubated in a cultivation room at 22-30°C for spawn run. When the mycelium had completely covered the beds, the mouth of bags were opened and irrigated as per requirement. The room was moistened to maintain the relative humidity 85-95 per cent.  The fruit bodies of appropriate size were picked-up by gentle handling.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The result reveals that Pleurotus sajor-caju showed spawn run, primordial development and fruit body maturation on bracket fungi. They produced more the 50% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate during three flushes.

First flush of Pleurotus sajor-caju on bracket fungi

It might be due to bracket fungi meet nutritional requirement, desire for mushroom growth. It is well known that fungus have a characteristic mode of nutrition and require performed organic compounds as a source of energy and carbon skeleton for biosynthesis.

Second flush of Pleurotus sajor-caju on bracket fungi

Simplest of these compounds are transported across the cell membrane, but more complex ones  must be degraded to monomers outside the cells. This is achieved by means of extracellular enzymes which are released through the walls. Bracket fungi belongs to order Aphyllophorales. As other fungi, they also contain chitinous cell wall which may act as important nitrogen source for growing Pleurotus mushroom. It is reported that a wide range of microorganism including mushrooms can hydrolyze chitin as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen by producing chitinolytic enzymes. The mushroom production on bracket fungi might be due to other reason (s).(PDF Copy)

Cited this as: R.S. Kanaujia, Jyoti Rastogi, Mahesh Kumar and Siddhant (2016): A demonstration of mushroom cultivation on Bracket fungi. Journal of Basic and Applied Mycology. 12(II): 93-97.

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मेरी कलम 06:58  No comment

SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION OF KING OYSTER MUSHROOM IN FAIZABAD (U.P.), INDIA

King oyster mushroom belongs to order Agaricales of Class Basidiomycetes. It is native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. It is also known as French horn, Trumpet Royale, King Trumpet mushroom, King brown mushroom and Kabul Dhingri. Its scientific name is Pleurotus eryngii. This mushroom was originally cultivated in Northern Italy and Switzerland where it is known locally as Cardoncello. Its cultivation on industrial scale began in Japan in 1995. In recent years, it has been commercially cultivated in many parts of the world like China, Australia, South Africa, South Korea and United States. It is considered as the best one of all Pleurotus species due to its excellent culinary properties and longest  shelf life than any other oyster mushroom. It has a pleasant aroma of almond and taste of Abalone. 

King Oyster mushroom in Faizabad

This mushroom has been successfully cultivated in District Faizabad(U.P.)during January 2015 - March 2015. Wheat straw was used as a substrate for growing this mushroom. It was washed in fresh water and then pasteurized in the solution of Formaldehyde (500ppm) and Bavistin (75ppm)for 18 hours. At the following day, it was spread over clean and inclined cemented floor to drain off excess water.Plastic bag technology was used in this experiment.
The beds were prepared from pasteurized substrate by multilayered (3) spawning. The mouth of bag tightened with fibre thread. The beds were then incubated in cultivation room under natural condition. When mycelia had completely covered the beds, the mouth of bags were opened and relative humidity was maintained between 85-95% with the help of humidifier.  

Harvested King oyster Mushroom

The mushrooms appear about 15-20 days after spawning. It produces almost 100% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate.
This news has been published in various news papers.

 

जनमोर्चा (अप्रैल 08, 2015)

 

अवध कमेन्ट वीक (अप्रैल 08, 2015)

अमर उजाला (अप्रैल 19, 2015)

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मेरी कलम 02:13  7 comments

अयोध्या मे मशरूम उत्पादन इकाई शुरू

अक्सर देखा गया है कि उचित खानपान के बावजूद लोगों खासतौर पर महिलाओं एवं बच्चों मे प्रोटीन और खनिज लवणों के संदर्भ मे कुपोषण पाया गया है। एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार उत्तर प्रदेश मे हाल के वर्षों मे यह एक गंभीर समस्या बन कर उभरा है। कुपोषण के मामले मे यह राज्य केवल बिहार, आंध्र प्रदेश और दमन दीव से ही पीछे है। मशरूम स्वास्थ्यवर्धक एवं औषधीय गुणों से युक्त सुपाच्य खाद्य हैं जो कुपोषण से निपटने के लिए अच्छे विकल्प साबित हुए हैं। यह कवक समूह की एक सरल किस्म की वनस्पति है, जिनके फलनकाय को खाने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। ये फलनकाय अलग अलग जातियों मे भिन्न भिन्न रूप व रचना वाले होते हैं । बटन मशरूम मे यह गोल, पुवाल मशरूम मे अंडाकार तथा ढींगरी मशरूम मे चपटे व फैले होते हैं। पौष्टिकता की दृष्टि से इन्हे शाकाहार एवं मांसाहार भोजन के बीच रखा जाता है। इनमे उच्च कोटि की प्रोटीन पायी जाती है जिसकी पाचन शक्ति 60-97 प्रतिशत तक होती है। मशरूम की प्रोटीन मे शरीर के लिए आवश्यक सभी अमीनो अम्ल जैसे मेथियोनीन, ल्यूसीन,आइसोल्यूसिन, लाइसीन, थाइमीन, ट्रिपटोफैन, वैलीन, हिस्टीडीन और आर्जिनिन आदि की प्राप्ति हो जाती है जो शाकाहारी भोजन मे प्रचुर मात्रा मे नहीं पाये जाते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त मरूम मे उत्तम स्वास्थ्य के लिए आवश्यक सभी प्रमुख खनिज लवण (पोटैशियम, फास्फोरस, सल्फर, कैल्शियम, लोहा, तांबा, आयोडीन, सेलेनियम और जिंक) एवं विटामिन (थायमीन, राइबोफ्लेविन, नियासीन, बायोटिन, एस्कोर्बिक एसिड, पैंटोथेनीक एसिड ) प्रचुर मात्रा मे पाये जाते हैं। मशरूम मे विटामिन डी का पाया जाना इन्हे विटामिन डी का एकमात्र शाकाहारी स्रोत बनाता है, जब कि कॉलेस्ट्रोल एवं स्टार्च की अनुपस्थिति इन्हे क्रमशः हृदय और मधुमेह रोगियों के लिए सर्वथा उपयुक्त खाद्य बनाती हैं। मशरूम की लगभग 2000 खाद्य प्रजातियों मे से कोई एक दर्जन प्रजातियों की व्यावसायिक  खेती दुनियाँ भर मे की जा रही है। भारत के मैदानी भागों मे मुख्य रूप से तीन मशरूम प्रजातियों की खेती व्यावसायिक एवं व्यावहारिक स्तर पर की जाती है। जिनमे श्वेत बटन मशरूम की खेती नवंबर माह से फरवरी तथा पुवाल मशरूम की खेती जून माह से सितंबर तक होती है जब कि ढींगरी मशरूम की प्रजातियों के तापक्रम अर्हता मे अंतर होने के कारण इनका उत्पादन काल विस्तृत होता है जिन्हे शीत ऋतु एवं वर्षा ऋतु मे आसानी से उगाया जा सकता है। मशरूम के इन्हीं गुणों को ध्यान मे रखते हुए भगवान श्री राम की जन्मभूमि के रूप मे विख्यात अयोध्या जी  मे श्री प्यारे लाल एग्रो प्रोडक्टस के बैनर तले मशरूम का उत्पादन प्रारम्भ किया गया है। विभिन्न समाचार पत्रों ने इस खबर को प्रमुखता से प्रकाशित किया है। 

फर्म की प्रबन्धक श्रीमती उषा कनौजिया ने बताया कि अयोध्या स्थित मशरूम इकाई मे अभी केवल ढींगरी मशरूम का उत्पादन शुरू किया गया है परन्तु निकट भविष्य मे बटन मशरूम के साथ साथ शिताके, बूना शिमजी, पुवाल व मिल्की मशरूम के उत्पादन की भी योजना है।

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मेरी कलम 01:47  No comment

Successful cultivation of Blue oyster mushroom in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh

Blue Oyster mushroom often grows in clusters on living elm trees or elm logs in forest and thus also called elm oyster. Its scientific name is Hypsizygus ulmarius where "Hypsi means "High" or "on high" and "zygus" means a "yoke" thus Hypsizygus ulmarius referring to the position of this mushroom often high in the tree. The fruiting body of elm oyster are larger, heavier and white to bluish grey in colour. It has a stipe that is off center to nearly central. Its gills are attached to stipe but unlike oyster mushroom it is not decurrent. This mushroom was initially described as Pleurotus ulmarius (Bull.) Owl. in the family Pleurotaceae but later it was placed in Tricholomataceae. This mushroom species has been cultivated successfully in natural condition of District Faizabad between the year of December 2014- January 2015. The cultivation method of this mushroom is similar to as oyster mushroom. Wheat straw was used as a growing medium for its cultivation. It was washed in fresh water and then treated with Bavistin (75 ppm) and formaldehyde (500 ppm) solution. After 16 hr, the straw was taken out and excess water was drained. Thorough spawning was done to seed the beds. Spawn bags were arranged in a ventilated room for spawn run. After comlplete spawn run, beds were opened and relative humidity was maintained between 80-90% with the help of humidifier. The mushrooms appear about 22 days after spawning. It produces more than 100% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate.

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मेरी कलम 21:44  No comment

संतति

एक और रोज
वो आखिरी परिंदा भी उड़ गया,
रह गई पीछे
तो बस एक सूखी शाख
शाख से गिरे पत्ते
और पत्तों के
जालिकावत शिरा-विन्यास.....
इन सबके बीच
बच गया थोड़ा मैं
बच गयी थोड़ी तुम
और बच गया
हमारे बीच एक ठहराव,
मैं रोज़  उस ठहराव मे
कंकड़ फेकता हूँ,
ताकि किसी रोज पैदा हो लहर
और बदले हमारे आस-पास की आबोहवा.....
एक रोज आरामकुर्सी पर बैठ
मैं ये कहानी
अपनी संतति को दूंगा । ।

                                 - सिद्धान्त
                                  जनवरी 21, 2015
                                   

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मेरी कलम 20:59  No comment

अयोध्या मे फिर मिला गुच्छी मशरूम

अयोध्या भारत देश के उत्तर प्रदेश प्रान्त का एक अति प्राचीन धार्मिक नगर है जो  फैजाबाद जिले के अन्तर्गत आता है। यह सरयू नदी (घाघरा नदी) के दाएं तट पर बसा है। प्राचीन काल में इसे 'कौशल देश' कहा जाता था। यहा पर एक बार फिर गुच्छी मशरूम पाया गया है। गुच्छी मशरूम का वैज्ञानिक नाम “मोर्केला” है जो कवक समूह के अंतर्गत आता है। इसे मधुमक्खी के छत्ते जैसी टोपी के कारण आसानी से पहचाना जा सकता है। भारत मे यह हिमाचल, उत्तराखंड एवं जम्मू-कश्मीर मे ही पाया जाता है हालांकि देश के अन्य भागो जैसे राजस्थान, महाराष्ट्र, मध्य प्रदेश, पश्चिम बंगाल, पंजाब व आसाम से भी इसकी प्राप्ति के छिटपुट समाचार है। यह मशरूम काफी महंगी कीमत पर अंतराष्ट्रीय बाजार मे मिलता है। भारत मे यह रुपये 15000-20000 प्रति किलो की दर से बेचा जाता है। पाँच सितारा होटलो मे भी इन पर आधारित व्यंजनो की बड़ी मांग है। इस मशरूम को एक बार फिर अयोध्या मे खोजा गया है। इससे पहले दिसम्बर 2013 मे भी यहाँ गुच्छी मशरूम मिल चुका है (लिंक) जिसे साइकस, फर्न सहित कई सजावटी पौधों के आस पास उगता हुआ देखा गया था। साकेत महाविद्यालय के वनस्पति विज्ञान के पूर्व प्राध्यापक, एवं मशरूम गुरु डॉ चन्द्रशेखर सिंह और वनस्पतिशास्त्री डॉ राम सेवक कनौजिया की माने तो गुच्छी मशरूम का अयोध्या मे मिलना एक अजूबा है। विभिन्न समाचार पत्रों ने इस खबर को प्रमुखता से प्रकाशित किया है।

 

    हिंदुस्तान (दिसंबर 4,2014)         अवध कमेन्ट वीक (दिसंबर 5,2014)    राष्ट्रीय सहारा (दिसम्बर 27, 2014)

 

जनमोर्चा (दिसम्बर 25, 2014 )                                                                            स्वतंत्र भारत (दिसंबर 4,2014)

            

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मेरी कलम 12:44  No comment

EVALUATION OF AGRO-WASTES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS SAJOR- CAJU

In the Faizabad region, where a wide range of agro-wastes are discarded after harvesting of crop, six abundantly available wastes, viz.,  Brassica stem (BS), Maize cob (MC), Lentil straw (LS), Paddy straw (PS), Rice husk (RH) and Sugarcane leaves (SL) were tested against the commercially utilized substrate Wheat straw (WS) to determine the most effective alternative substrate for the production of edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer. Among the substrates, sugarcane leaves, paddy straw and rice husk were collected from village Takpura. Lentil straw and Brassica stem was collected from village Nandapur while wheat straw was purchased from local market of Ayodhya, which was later treated as control. The big sized substrates (sugarcane leaves, maize cob, Brassica stem, paddy and lentil straw) were chopped into 1-2 cm of small pieces. Later all the substrates were washed separately in fresh water and then pasteurized in to the solution of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bavistin (75 ppm) for 18 hours. The beds were then prepared by layer spawning. These were incubated in the cultivation room at 22-30°C temperature for spawn run. When mycelia had completely covered the beds, the polythene covering were turned off and relative humidity was maintained between 85-95 per cent with the help of humidifier. The time for spawn run and primordial initiation were recorded for each treatment. The biological efficiency of mushroom was worked out as percentage yield of fresh mushroom in relation to dry weight of the substrate. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed for the experiment. All the data were analyzed statistically. The critical difference (CD) was worked out at five per cent probability level.

The data obtained during the study is presented in Table.

* Average of three replicate

Among the substrate tested, paddy straw  gave highest yield and biological efficiency (500gm, 100%) from three flushes. Due to economic factor, it was considered as a best substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. in Faizabad region.

Cited this as: Siddhant, Ram Kumar, Ruchira Singh and D. C. Shukla (2006): Evaluation of Agro-wastes for the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju. Journal of Basic and Applied Mycology. 5(I&II):73-74.

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मेरी कलम 05:04  3 comments

Window herb Garden: A Way of Waste Bottle Utilization

Waste plastic bottle is composed of complex polymers that takes over 1000 year to bio-degrade and if incinerated, they produce toxic fumes and hence pose a disposal challenge. To protect the environment, it can be recycled in several ways.  

Here, we have recycled the waste water bottle into window herb garden for successful production of smaller plant and herbs . This method is very useful in urban areas where people live in apartment or studios and have limited space and time for gardening. 

Window Herb Garden

Material required:

• Waste Water Bottle (1L)                                                   
• Knife
• Screwdriver
• Galvanized iron wire
• Soil
• Seeds of desired herbs
• Sprayer

Method: 
Take waste plastic bottles of 1L capacity (For the production of veggies, 2 L bottles can be used). Cut this bottle in half about midway toward the top with the help of sharp knife. Make 3-4 drainage holes at the closed end of each part by using screwdriver.  Fill the bottle gently with garden soil, leave about 1 cm space at the top.  Tie all the parts onto a iron window fence with galvanized iron wire. Sow the water soaked seeds of desired herbs. Irrigate the garden with sprayer, as needed. 

       

We have grown coriander, methi, wheat jaware, Coleus and other ornamental plants from this method. Now we are planning for big one (Says Deepa).

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मेरी कलम 10:46  No comment

A REPORT ON OCCURRENCE OF MORCHELLA SP. FROM DISTRICT FAIZABAD, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA)

Morchella, the true morels belonging to family Mochellaceae of order Pezizales is commonly known as ‘Guchhi’ in India. The ethanobotanical data gathered on these wild mushrooms reveal that these can be consumed directly to promote health on account of their nutritional and medicinal properties. Morchella grows at higher altitudes usually on hilly land farms with cool microclimate. In India, these are being reported from north-west Himalayan regions, especially from Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. In present communication Morchella sp has been reported from district Faizabad, U.P. (India) which lies between the parallels of 26° 47’N to 26° 78’N latitude and 82.08’E to 82.13’E longitude having an average elevation of 97 meters above the sea level. 

Morchella grown on soil

The specimen of Morchella was found solitary on humus rich soil near Cycas, Fern and other ornamental plants which show the possibility of mycorrhizal association. It was collected during December, 2013 near railway station area at Ayodhya (Faizabad).

An ascocarp of Morchella sp

No Morchella spp. has been recorded as yet in the climatological situation prevailing in this area. This is probably the first report in respect of incidence of Morchella sp from Faizabad (U.P.).This may be first occurrence from central Uttar Pradesh too.(PDF version)

Cite this as: Siddhant, Ruchira Singh, C.S. Singh and R.S. Kanaujia (2014): A report on occurrence of Morchella sp. from district Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh. Trends in Biosciences 7(17):2473-2474.

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मेरी कलम 06:52  No comment