Fishery wastes utilization in mushroom cultivation

Fish processing generates solid wastes that can be as high as 50-80% of the original raw mate-rial (Joseph et al., 2019)that includes fins, heads, bone, skin, scales and viscera (Nikoo et al.,2016). These wastes are rich source of valuable components such as protein, lipid, enzymes bioactive peptides, pigments, flavours, vitamins and minerals. Therefore, it is imperative to recycle these wastes into marketable products so as to add value to this waste and minimize environmental threat of pollution (Kumar et al., 2018). Mushroom can be used as a tool to convert the fishery wastes in to wealth.Fish wastes including head, tail, shells, intestine, fins, dead fishes etc was utilized in combination with agro-industrial wastes (1:1) for artificial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum(Lakshmi, 2013) and Pleurotus flabellatus (Lakshmi and Sornaraj, 2014). The authors de-scribed this technique as an environmentally friendly alternative to disposing of fish waste which is not only economical, relatively odourless but also biologically beneficial for the operation of sea food. Nevertheless, in both the cases, fish supplementation did not enhance the yield of mushroom as compared with control. Jain (2017) also found little impact of fish processing waste on yield parameters of Pleurotus florida.Contrary to this, in Ghana, fresh fish waste (FFW) and cooked fish waste (CFW) were mixed with sawdust to form compost. The temperatures higher than control were recorded from compost heaps prepared from both FFW and CFW. In fish-based substrates (FFW and CFW) the mycelial colonization of compost bags and subsequent growth of oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus species) were more rapid. This waste was also produced in larger and more firm fruiting bodies (Atikpo et. al., 2005 & 2008; Atikpo and Dzomeka; 2007). Onokpise et. al.,(2008) found almost same finding in another study in Ghana, with fish wastes and Pleurotus species. Apart from fish wastes, fish by products have also been used in mushroom cultivation.A work by Mushroom Research Center, Pennsylvania State University explored menhaden fish soluble and fish oils as nutrient supplements in mushroom composting and culture to increase yield and sporophore size of Agaricus bisporus (Green, 1974; Schisler and Patton Jr, 1976). However, Siddhant et. al., (2021) reported no mycelial run in fish scale containing sets. Bran is widely used as a protein supplement for the cultivation of speciality mushrooms(Moonmoon et al 2011; Siddhant et. al., 2015). As bran is suitable for feeding livestock, as it has high nutritional content and suitable for improving the health of cattle, it is therefore necessary to explore its alternatives. Fish by-products are the waste from fish processing that can be used as best alternative source of protein supplements in mushroom cultivation with very high crude protein. Many by products such as fish meal (Pertiwiningrum et al, 2018),fish oil and fish offal peat compost have shown positive response as a nutrient supplements for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus (Martin and Bassler, 1989). The usability of Chicken feather (CFP), Fish (FP) and Tryptone peptone (TP) as substrate for Morchella esculenta was investigated by Taskin et al, (2012). Among the peptones, fish peptone showed poor response in production of mycelial biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). The available literature indicates that fishery waste could be considered as low cost nutrient supplements that would not only increase yield, size (Green and Mattick, 1977; Greenet. al., 1973) and protein content of cultivated mushrooms (Jain, 2017), but may also be an alternative livelihood for low income population (Murugaiyan, 2016).

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Siddhant and Shalini Mishra (2021): Fishery wastes utilization in mushroom cultivation. Academia Letters, Article 4114. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4114.