SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION OF KING OYSTER MUSHROOM IN FAIZABAD (U.P.), INDIA

King oyster mushroom belongs to order Agaricales of Class Basidiomycetes. It is native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. It is also known as French horn, Trumpet Royale, King Trumpet mushroom, King brown mushroom and Kabul Dhingri. Its scientific name is Pleurotus eryngii. This mushroom was originally cultivated in Northern Italy and Switzerland where it is known locally as Cardoncello. Its cultivation on industrial scale began in Japan in 1995. In recent years, it has been commercially cultivated in many parts of the world like China, Australia, South Africa, South Korea and United States. It is considered as the best one of all Pleurotus species due to its excellent culinary properties and longest  shelf life than any other oyster mushroom. It has a pleasant aroma of almond and taste of Abalone. 

King Oyster mushroom in Faizabad

This mushroom has been successfully cultivated in District Faizabad(U.P.)during January 2015 - March 2015. Wheat straw was used as a substrate for growing this mushroom. It was washed in fresh water and then pasteurized in the solution of Formaldehyde (500ppm) and Bavistin (75ppm)for 18 hours. At the following day, it was spread over clean and inclined cemented floor to drain off excess water.Plastic bag technology was used in this experiment.
The beds were prepared from pasteurized substrate by multilayered (3) spawning. The mouth of bag tightened with fibre thread. The beds were then incubated in cultivation room under natural condition. When mycelia had completely covered the beds, the mouth of bags were opened and relative humidity was maintained between 85-95% with the help of humidifier.  

Harvested King oyster Mushroom

The mushrooms appear about 15-20 days after spawning. It produces almost 100% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate.
This news has been published in various news papers.

 

जनमोर्चा (अप्रैल 08, 2015)

 

अवध कमेन्ट वीक (अप्रैल 08, 2015)

अमर उजाला (अप्रैल 19, 2015)

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मेरी कलम 02:13  7 comments

अयोध्या मे मशरूम उत्पादन इकाई शुरू

अक्सर देखा गया है कि उचित खानपान के बावजूद लोगों खासतौर पर महिलाओं एवं बच्चों मे प्रोटीन और खनिज लवणों के संदर्भ मे कुपोषण पाया गया है। एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार उत्तर प्रदेश मे हाल के वर्षों मे यह एक गंभीर समस्या बन कर उभरा है। कुपोषण के मामले मे यह राज्य केवल बिहार, आंध्र प्रदेश और दमन दीव से ही पीछे है। मशरूम स्वास्थ्यवर्धक एवं औषधीय गुणों से युक्त सुपाच्य खाद्य हैं जो कुपोषण से निपटने के लिए अच्छे विकल्प साबित हुए हैं। यह कवक समूह की एक सरल किस्म की वनस्पति है, जिनके फलनकाय को खाने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। ये फलनकाय अलग अलग जातियों मे भिन्न भिन्न रूप व रचना वाले होते हैं । बटन मशरूम मे यह गोल, पुवाल मशरूम मे अंडाकार तथा ढींगरी मशरूम मे चपटे व फैले होते हैं। पौष्टिकता की दृष्टि से इन्हे शाकाहार एवं मांसाहार भोजन के बीच रखा जाता है। इनमे उच्च कोटि की प्रोटीन पायी जाती है जिसकी पाचन शक्ति 60-97 प्रतिशत तक होती है। मशरूम की प्रोटीन मे शरीर के लिए आवश्यक सभी अमीनो अम्ल जैसे मेथियोनीन, ल्यूसीन,आइसोल्यूसिन, लाइसीन, थाइमीन, ट्रिपटोफैन, वैलीन, हिस्टीडीन और आर्जिनिन आदि की प्राप्ति हो जाती है जो शाकाहारी भोजन मे प्रचुर मात्रा मे नहीं पाये जाते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त मरूम मे उत्तम स्वास्थ्य के लिए आवश्यक सभी प्रमुख खनिज लवण (पोटैशियम, फास्फोरस, सल्फर, कैल्शियम, लोहा, तांबा, आयोडीन, सेलेनियम और जिंक) एवं विटामिन (थायमीन, राइबोफ्लेविन, नियासीन, बायोटिन, एस्कोर्बिक एसिड, पैंटोथेनीक एसिड ) प्रचुर मात्रा मे पाये जाते हैं। मशरूम मे विटामिन डी का पाया जाना इन्हे विटामिन डी का एकमात्र शाकाहारी स्रोत बनाता है, जब कि कॉलेस्ट्रोल एवं स्टार्च की अनुपस्थिति इन्हे क्रमशः हृदय और मधुमेह रोगियों के लिए सर्वथा उपयुक्त खाद्य बनाती हैं। मशरूम की लगभग 2000 खाद्य प्रजातियों मे से कोई एक दर्जन प्रजातियों की व्यावसायिक  खेती दुनियाँ भर मे की जा रही है। भारत के मैदानी भागों मे मुख्य रूप से तीन मशरूम प्रजातियों की खेती व्यावसायिक एवं व्यावहारिक स्तर पर की जाती है। जिनमे श्वेत बटन मशरूम की खेती नवंबर माह से फरवरी तथा पुवाल मशरूम की खेती जून माह से सितंबर तक होती है जब कि ढींगरी मशरूम की प्रजातियों के तापक्रम अर्हता मे अंतर होने के कारण इनका उत्पादन काल विस्तृत होता है जिन्हे शीत ऋतु एवं वर्षा ऋतु मे आसानी से उगाया जा सकता है। मशरूम के इन्हीं गुणों को ध्यान मे रखते हुए भगवान श्री राम की जन्मभूमि के रूप मे विख्यात अयोध्या जी  मे श्री प्यारे लाल एग्रो प्रोडक्टस के बैनर तले मशरूम का उत्पादन प्रारम्भ किया गया है। विभिन्न समाचार पत्रों ने इस खबर को प्रमुखता से प्रकाशित किया है। 

फर्म की प्रबन्धक श्रीमती उषा कनौजिया ने बताया कि अयोध्या स्थित मशरूम इकाई मे अभी केवल ढींगरी मशरूम का उत्पादन शुरू किया गया है परन्तु निकट भविष्य मे बटन मशरूम के साथ साथ शिताके, बूना शिमजी, पुवाल व मिल्की मशरूम के उत्पादन की भी योजना है।

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मेरी कलम 01:47  No comment

Successful cultivation of Blue oyster mushroom in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh

Blue Oyster mushroom often grows in clusters on living elm trees or elm logs in forest and thus also called elm oyster. Its scientific name is Hypsizygus ulmarius where "Hypsi means "High" or "on high" and "zygus" means a "yoke" thus Hypsizygus ulmarius referring to the position of this mushroom often high in the tree. The fruiting body of elm oyster are larger, heavier and white to bluish grey in colour. It has a stipe that is off center to nearly central. Its gills are attached to stipe but unlike oyster mushroom it is not decurrent. This mushroom was initially described as Pleurotus ulmarius (Bull.) Owl. in the family Pleurotaceae but later it was placed in Tricholomataceae. This mushroom species has been cultivated successfully in natural condition of District Faizabad between the year of December 2014- January 2015. The cultivation method of this mushroom is similar to as oyster mushroom. Wheat straw was used as a growing medium for its cultivation. It was washed in fresh water and then treated with Bavistin (75 ppm) and formaldehyde (500 ppm) solution. After 16 hr, the straw was taken out and excess water was drained. Thorough spawning was done to seed the beds. Spawn bags were arranged in a ventilated room for spawn run. After comlplete spawn run, beds were opened and relative humidity was maintained between 80-90% with the help of humidifier. The mushrooms appear about 22 days after spawning. It produces more than 100% of fresh mushroom on dry weight basis of substrate.

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मेरी कलम 21:44  No comment

संतति

एक और रोज
वो आखिरी परिंदा भी उड़ गया,
रह गई पीछे
तो बस एक सूखी शाख
शाख से गिरे पत्ते
और पत्तों के
जालिकावत शिरा-विन्यास.....
इन सबके बीच
बच गया थोड़ा मैं
बच गयी थोड़ी तुम
और बच गया
हमारे बीच एक ठहराव,
मैं रोज़  उस ठहराव मे
कंकड़ फेकता हूँ,
ताकि किसी रोज पैदा हो लहर
और बदले हमारे आस-पास की आबोहवा.....
एक रोज आरामकुर्सी पर बैठ
मैं ये कहानी
अपनी संतति को दूंगा । ।

                                 - सिद्धान्त
                                  जनवरी 21, 2015
                                   

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मेरी कलम 20:59  No comment

अयोध्या मे फिर मिला गुच्छी मशरूम

अयोध्या भारत देश के उत्तर प्रदेश प्रान्त का एक अति प्राचीन धार्मिक नगर है जो  फैजाबाद जिले के अन्तर्गत आता है। यह सरयू नदी (घाघरा नदी) के दाएं तट पर बसा है। प्राचीन काल में इसे 'कौशल देश' कहा जाता था। यहा पर एक बार फिर गुच्छी मशरूम पाया गया है। गुच्छी मशरूम का वैज्ञानिक नाम “मोर्केला” है जो कवक समूह के अंतर्गत आता है। इसे मधुमक्खी के छत्ते जैसी टोपी के कारण आसानी से पहचाना जा सकता है। भारत मे यह हिमाचल, उत्तराखंड एवं जम्मू-कश्मीर मे ही पाया जाता है हालांकि देश के अन्य भागो जैसे राजस्थान, महाराष्ट्र, मध्य प्रदेश, पश्चिम बंगाल, पंजाब व आसाम से भी इसकी प्राप्ति के छिटपुट समाचार है। यह मशरूम काफी महंगी कीमत पर अंतराष्ट्रीय बाजार मे मिलता है। भारत मे यह रुपये 15000-20000 प्रति किलो की दर से बेचा जाता है। पाँच सितारा होटलो मे भी इन पर आधारित व्यंजनो की बड़ी मांग है। इस मशरूम को एक बार फिर अयोध्या मे खोजा गया है। इससे पहले दिसम्बर 2013 मे भी यहाँ गुच्छी मशरूम मिल चुका है (लिंक) जिसे साइकस, फर्न सहित कई सजावटी पौधों के आस पास उगता हुआ देखा गया था। साकेत महाविद्यालय के वनस्पति विज्ञान के पूर्व प्राध्यापक, एवं मशरूम गुरु डॉ चन्द्रशेखर सिंह और वनस्पतिशास्त्री डॉ राम सेवक कनौजिया की माने तो गुच्छी मशरूम का अयोध्या मे मिलना एक अजूबा है। विभिन्न समाचार पत्रों ने इस खबर को प्रमुखता से प्रकाशित किया है।

 

    हिंदुस्तान (दिसंबर 4,2014)         अवध कमेन्ट वीक (दिसंबर 5,2014)    राष्ट्रीय सहारा (दिसम्बर 27, 2014)

 

जनमोर्चा (दिसम्बर 25, 2014 )                                                                            स्वतंत्र भारत (दिसंबर 4,2014)

            

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मेरी कलम 12:44  No comment

EVALUATION OF AGRO-WASTES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS SAJOR- CAJU

In the Faizabad region, where a wide range of agro-wastes are discarded after harvesting of crop, six abundantly available wastes, viz.,  Brassica stem (BS), Maize cob (MC), Lentil straw (LS), Paddy straw (PS), Rice husk (RH) and Sugarcane leaves (SL) were tested against the commercially utilized substrate Wheat straw (WS) to determine the most effective alternative substrate for the production of edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer. Among the substrates, sugarcane leaves, paddy straw and rice husk were collected from village Takpura. Lentil straw and Brassica stem was collected from village Nandapur while wheat straw was purchased from local market of Ayodhya, which was later treated as control. The big sized substrates (sugarcane leaves, maize cob, Brassica stem, paddy and lentil straw) were chopped into 1-2 cm of small pieces. Later all the substrates were washed separately in fresh water and then pasteurized in to the solution of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bavistin (75 ppm) for 18 hours. The beds were then prepared by layer spawning. These were incubated in the cultivation room at 22-30°C temperature for spawn run. When mycelia had completely covered the beds, the polythene covering were turned off and relative humidity was maintained between 85-95 per cent with the help of humidifier. The time for spawn run and primordial initiation were recorded for each treatment. The biological efficiency of mushroom was worked out as percentage yield of fresh mushroom in relation to dry weight of the substrate. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed for the experiment. All the data were analyzed statistically. The critical difference (CD) was worked out at five per cent probability level.

The data obtained during the study is presented in Table.

* Average of three replicate

Among the substrate tested, paddy straw  gave highest yield and biological efficiency (500gm, 100%) from three flushes. Due to economic factor, it was considered as a best substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. in Faizabad region.

Cited this as: Siddhant, Ram Kumar, Ruchira Singh and D. C. Shukla (2006): Evaluation of Agro-wastes for the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju. Journal of Basic and Applied Mycology. 5(I&II):73-74.

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मेरी कलम 05:04  3 comments

Window herb Garden: A Way of Waste Bottle Utilization

Waste plastic bottle is composed of complex polymers that takes over 1000 year to bio-degrade and if incinerated, they produce toxic fumes and hence pose a disposal challenge. To protect the environment, it can be recycled in several ways.  

Here, we have recycled the waste water bottle into window herb garden for successful production of smaller plant and herbs . This method is very useful in urban areas where people live in apartment or studios and have limited space and time for gardening. 

Window Herb Garden

Material required:

• Waste Water Bottle (1L)                                                   
• Knife
• Screwdriver
• Galvanized iron wire
• Soil
• Seeds of desired herbs
• Sprayer

Method: 
Take waste plastic bottles of 1L capacity (For the production of veggies, 2 L bottles can be used). Cut this bottle in half about midway toward the top with the help of sharp knife. Make 3-4 drainage holes at the closed end of each part by using screwdriver.  Fill the bottle gently with garden soil, leave about 1 cm space at the top.  Tie all the parts onto a iron window fence with galvanized iron wire. Sow the water soaked seeds of desired herbs. Irrigate the garden with sprayer, as needed. 

       

We have grown coriander, methi, wheat jaware, Coleus and other ornamental plants from this method. Now we are planning for big one (Says Deepa).

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मेरी कलम 10:46  No comment

A REPORT ON OCCURRENCE OF MORCHELLA SP. FROM DISTRICT FAIZABAD, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA)

Morchella, the true morels belonging to family Mochellaceae of order Pezizales is commonly known as ‘Guchhi’ in India. The ethanobotanical data gathered on these wild mushrooms reveal that these can be consumed directly to promote health on account of their nutritional and medicinal properties. Morchella grows at higher altitudes usually on hilly land farms with cool microclimate. In India, these are being reported from north-west Himalayan regions, especially from Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. In present communication Morchella sp has been reported from district Faizabad, U.P. (India) which lies between the parallels of 26° 47’N to 26° 78’N latitude and 82.08’E to 82.13’E longitude having an average elevation of 97 meters above the sea level. 

Morchella grown on soil

The specimen of Morchella was found solitary on humus rich soil near Cycas, Fern and other ornamental plants which show the possibility of mycorrhizal association. It was collected during December, 2013 near railway station area at Ayodhya (Faizabad).

An ascocarp of Morchella sp

No Morchella spp. has been recorded as yet in the climatological situation prevailing in this area. This is probably the first report in respect of incidence of Morchella sp from Faizabad (U.P.).This may be first occurrence from central Uttar Pradesh too.(PDF version)

Cite this as: Siddhant, Ruchira Singh, C.S. Singh and R.S. Kanaujia (2014): A report on occurrence of Morchella sp. from district Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh. Trends in Biosciences 7(17):2473-2474.

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मेरी कलम 06:52  No comment

Effect of substrate disinfection on the biological efficiency of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer

Pleurotus sajor-caju, an edible mushroom belonging to order Agaricales of class Basidiomycetes is most promising mushroom, coming next to button mushroom in respect of its production at global level sharing 25 per cent of total world production. Although, it is not valid oyster species (Guzmán, 2000), even then it is as nutritious as other valid taxa which makes it an ideal food for human consumption.  In India, it is admired especially due to its excellent flavour, taste and above all, easy method of growing without any sophisticated infrastructure. For the growing of Pleurotus spp. paddy straw is found most common and efficient substrate (Ram, 1995; Dubey, 1999; Gupta et.al., 1999; Siddhant et. al., 2009) which is accompanying indigenous micro flora. The antagonistic interaction between these micro flora and desired fungus contributed the low productivity of mushroom (Bhandari and Singh, 1983; Sharma and Jandaik, 1980, 1981a, b and 1982; Shiddique et.al., 2004). Therefore, proper substrate disinfection is pre-requisite to eliminate weed and obtained good yield. It can be achieved by various methods (Arya and Arya, 2003; Bahukhandi, 1990; Champawat and Chitale, 2003; Kumar et. al., 1990; Ram and Thakur, 2005; Tewari and Pandey,1988).

In present communication, six months stored paddy straw was used for the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju to evaluate the effect of following substrate preparation methods on the biological efficiency of this mushroom species.

 

1) Autoclaving (T1): This method included sterilization of substrate at 15 lbs pressure for 60 minutes (Tewari and Panday, 1988).

2) Hot water application (T2): In this method, paddy straw was boiled in the water for one hour at 100°C (Diana et. al., 2006).

3) Radiation treatment (T3): In this treatment, the straw substrate was exposed to U.V. light for 1 hour 30 minutes (Ram and Thakur, 2005).

4) Chemical treatment (T4): Paddy straw substrate was pasteurized in the solution of Formaldehyde (500ppm) and Bavistin (75ppm) for 18 hours as suggested by Vijay and Sohi (1987).  

5) Water (T5): Substrate was not pasteurized at all and it was only soaked in water for 24 hours. 

     The substrate disinfected by employed techniques, viz., T1,T2,T3 and T4 showed quick spawn run, primordial initiation and fruit body maturation than control [T5] (Table). The crop of P. sajor-caju was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 10-360 g and 02-72%, respectively. All the substrate preparation methods showed highly significant yield and biological efficiency over control (unpasteurized sets). It was recorded the maximum in chemical pasteurization (360 g, 72%), followed by autoclaving (340 g, 68%), hot water treatment (335 g, 67%) and radiation treatments (305 g, 61%). The unpasteurized sets gave negligible result (10g, 2%) in aforesaid manifestations (Fig). Among the treatments, chemical pasteurization was found most significant. The hot water treatment and autoclaving was considered as second best treatment which was pat par to each other.

During the course of study, two fungal species belonging to Ascomycetes (Peziza sp.) and Basidiomycetes (Coprinus spp.) were encountered on the mushroom beds. The unpasteurized beds, used in triplicate were severely infected by Coprinus spp. and Peziza spp. (Plate) which resulted in great loss in mushroom yield. The bed contaminated with Peziza spp. could not produced even a single fruit body. The higher decomposition of substrate was also noticed in unpasteurized beds.

The results revealed that disinfection techniques played a crucial role in minimizing the loss of production and biological efficiency (Fig) this also protects the beds from competitors.

The disinfection methods reduce the natural micro flora of substrate and improve substrate colonization and yield of mushroom. Due to this reason, pasteurized substrates showed quick mycelial run and higher sporophore formation. In respect of yield performance, chemical treatment gave significant response. This was because of the fact that chemical treatment permitted a minimum number of bacterial population which favoured the growth and production of more cellulase by Pleurotus spp. and thereby increased the yield (Krishnamoorthy et. al., 1991). Production of this enzyme is directly proportional to the yield of Pleurotus in vitro (Kochuthresiamma et al., 1991; Nallathambi and Marimuthu, 1994). Besides this, bacterial population actively corrodes the surface of the substrate providing more suitable site for the colonization of fungus. Pleurotus spp. are also reported to utilize the nitrogen fixed by N- fixing bacteria present in the substrate. In addition, chemical treatments slightly modified the nature of substrate and favoured the growth of fungal mycelium. As compared to chemical treatment, autoclaving and Hot water treatments gave insignificant response. This was due to higher temperature which eliminated all the beneficial microorganisms present in the substrate (Bano et al., 1979). Unpasteurized beds gave highly insignificant result in respect of reduction in yield and biological efficiency than pasteurized ones. It is well known that stored straw is an easy source of contaminants which competes with mushroom mycelium for the available nutrients. The loss in yield was either due to depletion of food material from the substrate required for growing mushroom mycelia or through the production of toxic substances by the microorganisms (Atkins, 1949). Although, Doshi and Singh (1991) stated that toxic metabolites produced by microorganisms are very mild and has little inhibitory effect on growth of Pleurotus sajor-caju and whatever effect is seen was because of depletion of nutrients from the medium due to contaminants. The higher decomposition of substrate was also visible in unpasteurized beds. It might be the combined action of contaminating microflora and cultivated fungus. 

During the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju two types of competitor were encountered on mushroom beds. This result was supported by the conclusions given by different workers which revealed the presence of weeds associated with oyster mushroom cultivation (Vijay and Sohi, 1987, Siddique et al., 2004). No or lesser appearance of competitors in pasteurized substrate revealed the efficiency of treatments. Chemical treatment was effective against fungal competitors which is agreement with the finding of Champawat and Chitale (2003) and Pervez et. al., (2009) who reported formaldehyde and bavistin combination as a best pasteurization practice. The effectiveness of hot water and autoclaving methods was due to the high temperature that kills the foreign inoculums from the substrate while ultraviolet light in the range from 200 to 300nm affects the growth of the competitors. Direct exposure of UV radiation is lethal to their DNA.(PDF Copy)

Cite this as: Siddhant, Swapanil Yadav, Rupali Mishra and Ruchira Singh,  (2014): Effect of substrate disinfection on the biological efficiency of Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer Plant Archives 14(1):205-209. 

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