Transform papers into food

Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation.  Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%). (Link)

Cite this as:

      Siddhant, O.P. Ukaogo, Ruchira Singh and Mahesh Kumar (2019): Transform papers in to food. Joint event on 3rd World Plant Genomics and Plant Science Congress and 4^th World Mycology and Mushroom Congress. Osaka, Japan. July 15-16, 2019. Journal of Plant Physiology and Pathology. 7:53.

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मेरी कलम 06:12  No comment

अयोध्या में दूधिया मशरूम का हो रहा सफलतापूर्वक उत्पादन

दूधिया मशरूम का सफलतापूर्वक उत्पादन अयोध्या स्थित मशरूम इकाई मे किया गया। मशरूम विज्ञानी डॉ. सिद्धान्त ने बताया कि आज भी उत्तरी भारत के मौसमी मशरूम उत्पादक केवल श्वेत बटन मशरूम पर ही निर्भर है। शरद ऋतु मे श्वेत बटन मशरूम की एक फसल लेने के बाद वे अपना उत्पादन कार्य बंद कर देते है। तापमान में वृद्धि के कारण वर्ष भर मशरूम उत्पादन कार्य नहीं हो पता है जिससे बाजार मे ताजे मशरूम की उपलब्धता संभव नहीं हो पाती है। ऐसे मे मैदानी भागो मे जहां कुछ महीनों के लिए तापमान 20-40 डिग्री सेंटीग्रेट के बीच रहता है, मशरूम उत्पादकों के लिए दूधिया मशरूम एक अच्छा विकल्प साबित हो सकता है। दूधिया मशरूम का वैज्ञानिक नाम कैलोसाइब इंडिका है जो आकार व रूप में श्वेत बटन मशरूम से मिलता जुलता है। श्वेत बटन मशरूम की अपेक्षा दूधिया मशरूम का तना अधिक मांसल, लंबा  व आधार काफी मोटा होता है। इसकी कैप बहुत ही छोटी तथा जल्दी खुलने वाली होती है।

दूधिया मशरूम की खेती के लिए अधिक तापमान की आवश्यकता होती है। कवक जाल फैलाव के लिए 25-35° सेल्सियस जब कि केसिंग परत बिछाने से लेकर फसल लेने तक  30-35° सेल्सियस तापमान की आवश्यकता होती है। अधिक तापमान (30-40 ° सेल्सियस ) होने पर भी यह मशरूम पैदावार देता है।

ढींगरी मशरूम की भांति इस मशरूम को भी विभिन्न कृषि फसलों से प्राप्त अवशेषों (भूसा, पुवाल इत्यादि) पर आसानी से उगाया जा सकता है। जिसे सूक्ष्मजीवों से मुक्त कराने एवं मशरूम की अच्छी उपज हेतु गरम पानी अथवा रासायनिक विधि द्वारा उपचारित करना जरूरी होता है। 

एक बार उपचारित करने के बाद गीले भूसे में 4-5 प्रतिशत की दर से बीजाई की जाती है। तदुपरान्त बीजाई किए गए बैगों को अंधेरे कमरे में लगभग 15-20 दिनों तक रख दिया जाता है। इस दौरान कमरे का तापमान कर 25-35° सेल्सियस तथा नमी 80-90 प्रतिशत होनी चाहिए। 

इन 15-20 दिनों मे मशरूम के बीज भूसे मे फैल जाते हैं जिससे भूसे पर सफ़ेद फफूंद दिखाई देती है। इस अवस्था मे मशरूम के बैग केसिंग के लिए उपयुक्त समझे जाते हैं। केसिंग के बाद कमरे का तापमान 30-35° सेल्सियस तथा नमी 80-90 प्रतिशत रखनी चाहिए। लगभग10-12 दिनों में कवकजाल केसिंग मिश्रण में फैल जाता है। जिसके बाद बैगों पर प्रतिदिन पानी का छिडकाव किया जाता है एवं कमरे में ताजी हवा दी जाती है। इस समय कमरे का तापमान 30-35° सेल्सियस व नमी 80-90 प्रतिशत रखी जाती है जिससे लगभग 3-5 दिनों में मशरूम कलिकाएँ निकलना प्रारम्भ हो जाती है जो लगभग एक सप्ताह में वयस्क मशरूम का रूप ले लती हैं।

नवजात दूधिया मशरूम

मशरूम बैग में दूधिया मशरूम

कटाई के तैयार मशरूम

दूधिया मशरूम की टिकाऊ क्षमता भी बटन मशरूम की अपेक्षा अधिक होती है। जहां तक पैदावार क्षमता का सवाल है तो ढींगरी मशरूम की तरह यह मशरूम भी अच्छी पैदावार देता है। इसकी उत्पादकता 100 प्रतिशत के करीब होती है। यानि 1 किलो सूखे भूसे से 1 किलो तक ताजा मशरूम प्राप्त की जा सकती है। मांग कम होने पर इस मशरूम की तुड़ाई तीन-चार दिन देर से करने पर भी गुणवत्ता मे कमी नहीं आती।

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मेरी कलम 01:05  No comment

गैराज बनी प्रयोगशाला

दैनिक जागरण(०३ जून, २०१९)

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मेरी कलम 02:27  No comment

रामनगरी में दूधिया मशरूम का सफलतापूर्वक हो रहा उत्पादन

अमर उजाला, जून०३, २०१९

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मेरी कलम 02:11  No comment

Market pathology of Faizabad Part 1 - Virulence of pink bitter core rot of Kamarakh Averrhoa carambola L

Extensive survey of Faizabd (U.P.) vegetable and fruit market, during August-November 1972, showed the virulence of this disease. Almost all the fruits were infected and become unfil for consumption. The first apperance of the disease was recorded in August 1972 when the magnitude of infection was low. In September the infection was severe and it was recorded on more than 80 per cent fruits in all lots. In the succeeding months, however, the severity of infection exhibited a decreasing tendency and during November in all the lots it was below 30 per cent (Table). 

In most of the cases, the lesions consumed one-third to three-fourth part of the fruit rendering them useless. The disease starts from any point of injury on the surface of the fruits. The first symptom is a brown lesion, which radiates from the point of infection with invasion of tissue and instead of gradually spreading over the epidermis goes deep into the fruit and decomposes nearly the entire flesh, simultaneously producing a soft watery light brown fluid (Fig.)Thereafter, a massive production of pink coloured conidia of T. roseum becomes visible on the surface of the fruits. In the advanced stage, a discoid sporulation of light pink conidia appears. The pink colouration and powdering extreme with age.

Sugar nad organic acids, viz., citric and tartaric acids, are the main constituents of the fruit that are readily utilized by Trichothecium roseum. The present survey shows that the extent of damage to fruit depends upon the duration of the storage and environmental condition, particularly the tempereture prevailing during marketing and this is tyhe probable reason for high disease index during the September 1972 and comparatively lesser in succeeding months (Table). 

In fruits infected with T. roseum, secondary organisms become quickly established producing light brown fluid. This secondary organism is supposed to be the bacterium that appeared on the tissues killed by the advanced of the fungus towards the interior of the fruits emitting foul odour.  

Cite this as: Kanaujia R.S. and C.S. Singh (1974): Market pathology of Faizabad Part 1 - Virulence of pink bitter core rot of Kamarakh Averrhoa carambola L. TECHNOLOGY. 11 (2&3): 305-306.

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मेरी कलम 00:31  No comment

Assessment of risk caused by intake of cadmium, lead and iron through consumption of mushrooms around automobile workshops in Imo State.

Coming soon ........

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मेरी कलम 23:10  No comment

Diversity of macro fungi in Tikri Reserved Forest of Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh

Tikri Reserved forest of Eastern Uttar Pradesh situated in Tarabganj tehsil on the way to Gonda district at 26°20′06″N latitude and on 82°15′40″E longitude. A variety of wild macro fungi were collected from different localities of reserved forest during the rainy season in 2016 - 2018.  A total of thirty nine species of mushrooms belonging to thirty genera were collected and identified from different localities of reserved forest till date. The maximum species were saprophytic in nature, while parasitic and symbiotic were also recorded. Among them Termitomyces  globulus,  T. heimii, T. microcapus, Russula delica. R. nobilis,  R. senecis, Marasmius haematocephalus, M. siccus and Xylaria sp. were frequent  mushroom species while Amanita sp., Auricularia sp., Calvatis sp., Coprinus comatus, C. cinereus, Daldinia concentrica, Dacryopinax sp., Ganoderma  applanatum, G. lucidum, Geastrum saccatum, Laccaria sp., Lepiota sp., Lentinus sp., Leucoagaricus sp.,  Leucocoprinus medioflavus, L. cepaestipes ,L. cretaceous, Lycoperdon sp., Mutinus caninus, Mycena sp., Panaeolus sp., Phallus indusiatus,  Podoscypha petalodes, Ramaria sp., Scleroderma sp., Schizophyllum commune, Tricholoma sp., Volvariella bombycina, V. volvacea,  Tulostoma brumale were occasionally found. Boletus sp. and Pleurotus cystidiosus were rarely found.(Link)

Cited this as:  Siddhant, Walakulu Gamage and Mahesh Kumar (2019). Diversity of macro fungi in Tikri Reserved forest of Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh.  Proceedings of National symposium on Trends & innovation in mushroom production technologies, diversification, processing & consumption organized by HAIC Agro R&D Centre, Murthal (Haryana). January 31-February 2, 2019. p.30. (Abstract)

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मेरी कलम 23:07  No comment

Three new fungal diseases from India

During systematic survey of parasitic fungi of Faizabad (U.P.), the authors observed leaf spot disease of Desmodium gyrans (Cercospora canescens), Phragmites communis (Alternaria tenuissima) and a foot rot disease of Coriandrum sativum (Torula herbarum f. quaternella) caused by fungi given in the parenthesis. The specimen has been deposited in the Herbarium, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England and a part of the collection has been deposited in the Mycological Herbarium, Botany Department, K.S. Saket Post-Graduate College, Faizabad. Symptoms of each disease are briefly given below. 

1. Leaf spot disease of Desmodium gyrans:

The disease was confined to the lower surface of the leaves. Spots were diffused, irregular, light brown to black, scattered all over the leaf surface, however, the vein areas being heavily infected. On the basis of detailed morphological characters the causal organism was identified as Cercospora canescens Ell. & Mart. 

Collected from Gokul Sadan, Ayodhya, Faizabad, March 1973, IMI 181834.

2. Leaf spot disease of Phragmites communis:

The plants were infected to various degree. The infection was more severe on younger parts of the growing tips of aerial shoot including leaves. The apical portion was damaged which ultimately died. The older leaves showed black to brown spots of irregular size on outer surface of leaf sheath and on lamina. 

The detailed morphological characters revealed the the fungus responsible for the disease was Alternaria tenuissima(Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire.

Collected from Nayaghat, Ayodhya, Faizabad, Feb. 1976, IMI 209295.

3. Leaf spot disease of Coriandrum sativum:  

 The disease started as greyish patches scattered here and there on stem and older leaves. Later on the entire plant was involved including flower and fruits. Severely infected plants in advanced stage showed wilting and final rotting. 

Microscopic studies on diseased part of the plant revealed that Torula herbarum (Pers.) S.F. Gray f.quaternella Sacc. was the causal organism. 

Collected from Rsam Kote, Ayodhya, Faizabad, Feb. 1976, IMI 209326.

So far, none of the above mentioned diseases have been recorded from India (Butler and Bisby, 1954; Mukerjii and Juneja, 1974; Tondon and Sudhir Chandra, 1964; Tilak and Rao, 1968), and these are thus new diseases of concerning plants from India.  

Cited this as: Kanaujia R.S., Kishor R. and C.S. Singh (1978): Three new fungal diseases from India. Acta Botanica Indica. 6: 92-93.

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मेरी कलम 06:33  No comment

A new Aspergillus storage rot of Mandarin orange in India

Apparently, the fruits appeared quite normal. When ring was removed, a thick mycelial mat was found along with the heavy sprouting of conidia of the fungus particularly at the placental region. The infection gradually penetrated the deeper regions of the fruit and within 5-6 days entire fruit was involved and become rotten. The pathogenecity tests gave positive results. The fungus was cultured on PDA and identified to be Aspergillus aculeatus Iiz. Earlier A. aculeatus has not been found on Citrus reticulata fruits causing soft rot in India. The specimen has been deposited at the Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College, Faizabad as Accession No. RSK -306.

Cited this as:  Kanaujia R.S. (1979): A new Aspergillus storage rot of Mandarin orange in India. Indian Phytopathology. 32(4): 620-621.

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मेरी कलम 02:15  No comment

A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster Mushroom Farming

Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to assure contamination free mushroom production. 

Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds. 

Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products, Ayodhya during 2017. 

Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilized gunny bag and steeped in the chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h.  For the control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilized gunny bag and steeped directly in the chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia. 

Results: Beds with modified approach showed complete absence of contaminants during entire crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence. 

Conclusion: The results revealed that modified method should be considered to contamination free mushroom production. (PDF)

Cite this as:  Siddhant, O.P. Ukaogo and S.S. Walakulu Gamage (2018). A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster Mushroom Farming. Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research. 2(2): 1-5.

     

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मेरी कलम 06:21  No comment